Need supportive collaborative learning: are teachers necessary or do students support each other’s basic psychological needs?

Figures & data

Table

	1	2	3	4
Students	Read information about heredity individually (12 min)	Collaborate on group assignment (12 min)	Questionnaire on experienced SDT and background characteristics (5 min)	Individual post-test (12 min)
Teacher	Questionnaire on teachers’ background characteristics	Provides guidance to one of the groups in the classroom	-	-

Table 1. Descriptive statistics and intraclass correlations.

	M	SD	Min	Max	ICCclass	ICCgroup
Autonomy	4.15	0.69	1.67	5.00	.03	.37
Competence	3.31	0.79	1.33	5.00	.19	.14
Relatedness	4.10	0.66	1.50	5.00	.01	.34
Individual performance	9.66	5.55	0.00	20.00	.25	.16
Group performance	3.41	2.04	0.00	6.00	.44	.56

Table 2. Regression analyses on experienced need satisfaction as a predictor of group performance.

	Model 1			Model 2
	B		SE B	B		SE B
Control variables
General track (vs vocational track)	−2.19	***	0.30	−1.83	***	0.31
Pre-university track (vs vocational track)	−0.92		0.90	−0.65		0.77
Familiarity with genetics	1.11	***	0.30	0.86	**	0.27
Experience with collaboration	0.41		0.25	0.51	*	0.23
Interest in biology	−0.10		0.09	−0.18	*	0.09
Biology grade	0.34	**	0.11	0.18		0.11
Gender	0.00		0.15	0.07		0.15
Need satisfaction
Autonomy				0.34	^Ϯ	0.18
Competence				0.67	***	0.15
Relatedness				−0.29	^Ϯ	0.17
Variance
R^2	0.37			0.43

Unstandardised regression coefficients are reported.

^Ϯp <.10 * p <.05 ** p <. 01 *** p <.001

Table 3. Multilevel regression analyses on experienced need satisfaction as a predictor of individual performance.

	Model 1			Model 2
	B		SE B	B		SE B
Within groups level
Control variables
General track (vs vocational track)	−4.41	***	0.73	−2.70	***	0.76
Pre-university track (vs vocational track)	−2.14	*	0.92	−0.85		1.07
Familiarity with genetics	2.76	***	0.64	1.78	**	0.65
Experience with collaboration	−2.27	***	0.65	−2.02	**	0.60
Interest in biology	0.46	^Ϯ	0.25	0.32		0.23
Biology grade	0.64	*	0.28	0.34		0.29
Gender	0.18		0.51	0.32		0.51
Need satisfaction
Autonomy				0.87		0.61
Competence				0.94	*	0.47
Relatedness				−1.13	^Ϯ	0.60
Between groups level
Autonomy				2.10	**	0.79
Competence				2.60	***	0.66
Relatedness				−1.96	*	0.76
Variance components
R^2 students	0.29			0.18
R^2 class	-			0.49

Unstandardised regression coefficients are reported.

^Ϯp <.10 * p <.05 ** p <. 01 *** p <.001

Table 4. Descriptive statistics for students working in groups with the teacher present and students working in groups without the teacher present.

	Teacher present (N = 52)				Teacher not present (N = 379)
	M	SD	Min	Max	M	SD	Min	Max
Autonomy	4.05	0.53	2.83	5.00	4.16	0.71	1.67	5.00
Competence	3.40	0.73	2.00	4.83	3.30	0.79	1.33	5.00
Relatedness	4.05	0.52	3.17	5.00	4.11	0.68	1.50	5.00
Individual performance	10.14	5.07	0.00	20.00	9.68	5.61	0.00	30.00
Group performance	3.57	1.75	0.00	6.00	3.39	2.08	0.00	6.00

Table 5. Multilevel regression analyses on teacher presence as a predictor of students’ experienced need satisfaction.

	Autonomy			Competence			Relatedness
	B		SE B	B		SE B	B		SE B
Within groups level
Control variables
General track (vs vocational track)	0.00		0.01	0.06	**	0.02	0.01		0.01
Pre-university track (vs vocational track)	−0.01		0.01	0.03		0.03	0.01		0.01
Familiarity with genetics	0.00		0.01	−0.00		0.01	0.00		0.01
Experience with collaboration	0.01		0.01	−0.03	*	0.02	−0.00		0.01
Interest in biology	0.01		0.02	0.06	*	0.03	0.00		0.02
Biology grade	−0.02		0.03	0.10	**	0.04	0.01		0.03
Gender	−0.03		0.05	−0.08		0.06	0.02		0.05
Between groups level
Teacher present	−0.04		0.11	0.20		0.14	0.01		0.11
Variance
R^2 within	0.00			0.06			0.00
R^2 between	0.00			0.01			0.00

Unstandardised regression coefficients are reported.

^Ϯp <.10 * p <.05 ** p <. 01 *** p <.001

Table 6. Multilevel regression analyses on teacher presence as a predictor of group and individual performance.

	Group performance			Individual performance
	B		SE	B		SE
Covariates
General track (vs vocational)	−2.19	***	0.30	−4.26	***	0.73
Pre-university track (vs vocational track)	−0.91		0.90	−2.37	**	0.79
Familiarity with genetics	1.11	***	0.30	2.81	***	0.63
Experience with collaboration	0.42		0.26	−2.43	***	0.63
Interest in biology	−0.11		0.09	0.43	^Ϯ	0.25
Biology grade	0.34	**	0.11	0.88	**	0.29
Gender	0.00		0.15	0.21		0.54
Experimental condition
Teacher present	0.02		0.40	0.24		1.05
Variance
R^2	0.37			0.24

Unstandardised regression coefficients are reported.

^Ϯp <.10 * p <.05 ** p <. 01 *** p <.001