‘I can succeed at this’: engagement in service learning in schools enhances university students’ self-efficacy

Figures & data

Table 1. Application of two-level models for a within-subject design with three assessments (T1, T2, T3) of general self-efficacy in female and male students

Model		Female students									Male students
		Fixed					Random				Fixed			Random
		Coef.	Est.	SE	t	df	Coef.	SD	Coef.	Est.	SE	t	df	Coef.	SD
1	Intercept	β00	29.69	0.25	118.57***	275	r0i	3.59***	β00	31.90	0.52	118.57***	275	r0i	3.59***
	T2	β10	0.91	0.23	4.02***	275	r1i	2.91***	β10	0.11	0.50	0.22	275	r1i	2.91***
	Gender	β01	2.21	0.57	3.86***	254			β01	−2.21	0.57	−3.86***	254
	T3	β20	1.50	0.33	4.48***	275	r2i	2.97***	β20	1.05	0.76	1.39	275	r2i	2.97***
	Gender × T2	β11	−0.80	0.55	−1.47	275			β11	0.80	0.55	1.47	275
	Gender × T3	β21	−0.45	0.83	−0.55	275			β21	0.45	0.83	0.54	275
2	Intercept	β00	30.60	0.29	106.25***	275	r0i	3.89***	β00	32.01	0.61	52.12***	275	r0i	3.89***
	T1	β10	−0.91	0.23	−4.02***	275	r1i	2.91***	β10	−0.11	0.50	−0.22	275	r1i	2.91***
	Gender	β01	1.41	0.68	2.08*	254			β01	−1.41	0.68	−2.08*	254
	T3	β20	0.59	0.37	1.60	275	r2i	3.44***	β20	0.94	0.84	1.13	275	r2i	3.44***
	Gender × T1	β11	0.80	0.55	1.47	275			β11	−0.80	0.55	−1.50	275
	Gender × T3	β21	0.36	0.91	0.39	275			β21	−0.36	0.91	−0.39	275
3	Intercept	β00	31.19	0.38	82.89***	275	r0i	3.88***	β00	32.95	0.84	39.46***	275	r0i	3.88***
	T1	β10	−1.50	0.33	−4.48***	275	r1i	2.97***	β10	−1.05	0.76	−1.39	275	r1i	2.97***
	Gender	β01	1.76	0.92	1.92	254			β01	−1.76	0.92	−1.92	254
	T2	β20	−0.59	0.37	−1.60	275	r2i	3.45***	β20	−0.94	0.84	−1.12	275	r2i	3.45***
	Gender × T1	β11	−0.35	0.91	−0.39	275			β11	0.35	0.91	0.39	275
	Gender × T2	β21	0.45	0.83	0.54	275			β21	−0.45	0.83	−0.54	275

Note. Coef. = Coefficient in corresponding model equation; Est. = estimate (unstandardized regression coefficient).

*p < .05.

***p < .001.

Table 2. Application of two-level models for a within-subject design with three assessments (T1, T2, T3) of teaching self-efficacy in female and male students

Model		Female students							Male students
		Fixed					Random		Fixed					Random
		Coef.	Est.	SE	t	df	Coef.	SD	Coef.	Est.	SE	t	df	Coef.	SD
1	Intercept	β00	46.03	0.46	100.85***	269	r0i	6.49***	β00	48.47	0.93	52.26***	269	r0i	6.49***
	T2	β10	1.13	0.45	2.49*	269	r1i	5.84***	β10	−0.15	0.99	−0.15	269	r1i	5.84***
	Gender	β01	2.44	1.03	2.36*	254			β01	−2.44	1.03	−2.36*	254
	T3	β20	5.69	0.70	8.17***	269	r2i	6.82***	β20	1.92	1.56	1.23	269	r2i	6.82***
	Gender × T2	β11	−1.27	1.08	−1.17	269			β11	1.27	1.08	1.17	269
	Gender × T3	β21	−3.78	1.71	−2.21*	269			β21	3.78	1.71	2.21*	269
2	Intercept	β00	47.16	0.48	97.80***	269	r0i	6.41***	β00	48.32	1.06	45.78***	269	r0i	6.41***
	T1	β10	−1.13	0.45	−2.49*	269	r1i	5.86***	β10	0.15	0.99	0.15	269	r1i	5.87***
	Gender	β01	1.17	1.16	1.01	254			β01	−1.17	1.16	−1.01	254
	T3	β20	4.56	0.67	6.85***	269	r2i	5.86***	β20	2.06	1.54	1.34	269	r2i	5.86***
	Gender × T1	β11	1.27	1.09	1.17	269			β11	−1.27	1.09	−1.17	269
	Gender × T3	β21	−2.50	1.68	−1.49	269			β21	2.50	1.68	1.49	269
3	Intercept	β00	51.72	0.68	76.08***	269	r0i	6.52***	β00	50.38	1.53	32.87***	269	r0i	6.52***
	T1	β10	−5.69	0.70	−5.69***	269	r1i	5.88***	β10	−2.06	1.55	−1.33	269	r1i	5.88***
	Gender	β01	−1.34	1.68	−0.80	254			β01	1.34	1.68	0.80	254
	T2	β20	−4.56	0.67	−6.83***	269	r2i	6.82***	β20	−1.91	1.56	−1.23	269	r2i	6.82***
	Gender × T1	β11	2.50	1.68	1.49	269			β11	−2.50	1.68	−1.49	269
	Gender × T2	β21	3.78	1.71	2.21*	269			β21	−3.78	1.71	−2.21*	269

Note. Coef. = Coefficient in corresponding model equation; Est. = estimate (unstandardized regression coefficient).

*p < .05.

***p < .001.

Table 3. Means, standard deviations, and ranges of students’ self-perceived general self-efficacy and teaching self-efficacy at three assessments (T1, T2, T3)

Variable	N	M	SD	Range
General self-efficacy
T1	267	30.02	3.88	10–40
T2	246	30.78	3.82	20–39
T3	114	31.18	3.78	19–39
Teaching self-efficacy
T1	261	3.09	0.46	1.00–4.0
T2	243	3.15	0.44	1.47–4.0
T3	113	3.40	0.46	1.33–4.0

Note. General self-efficacy: 10 items, sum scores. Teaching self-efficacy: 15 items, mean scores, ratings from 1 (not true) to 4 (true).