Epidemiologic assessment of trauma-independent skeletal pathology in non-passerine birds from museum collections

Figures & data

Table 1. Distribution of avian osseous infection

Location	Number affected	Species affected
Lower extremity
Infectious arthritis
Hip	2	Snow goose (Chen caerulescens); spur-winged goose (Plectropterus gambensis)^a
Knee	7	Eruasian black vulture (Aegypius monachus); Chiloe wigeon (Anas sibilatrix); white stork (Ciconia ciconia); emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae); galah (Eolophus roseicapillus); Spix's guan (Penelope jacquacu); spur-winged goose (Plectropterus gambensis)^a
Ankle	9	King penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus); ring dove (Columba palumbus); mute swan (Cygnus olori); ornate hawk-eagle (Spizaetus ornatus); Peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus); Latham's snipe (Gallinago hardwickii); bearded vulture (Gypaetus barbatus); spotten tinamou (Nothura maculosa); brown parrot (Poicephalus meyeri); regent parrot (Polytelis anthopeplus)
Metatarsal phalangeal	2	Macaroni penguin (Eudyptes chrysolophus); kark chanting goshawk (Melierax metabates)
Osteomyelitis
Tibiotarsus	8	American black duck (Anas rubripes); red-billed ground cuckoo (Carpococcys renauldi); wattled curassow (Crax globulosa); Leadbeater's cockatoo (Cacatua leadbeateri); Demoisella crane (Grus virgo); Harris’ hawk (Parabuteo unicinctu); Darwin's rhea (Pterocnemia pennata)
Fibula	1	Darwin's rhea (Pteroncemia pennata)
Metatarsus	2	Mararoni penguin (Eudyptes chrysolophus); helmeted curassow (Crax pauxi)
Upper extremity
Infectious arthritis
Shoulder	2	Victoria crowned pigeon (Goura victoria)^a; Hawaiian goose (Nesochen sandvicensis)
Elbow	3	Victoria crowned pigeon (Goura victoria)^a; Pacific gull (Larus pacificus); great bustard (Otis tarda)
Osteomyelitis
Radius	2	Golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos); Port Lincoln ringneck (Barnardius zonarius)
Axial skeleton
Sternum	1	Victoria crowned pigeon (Goura victoria)^a
Pelvis	1	Crested fireback pheasant (Lophra erythrophthalma)
^aSingle individual.

Figure 1. Posterior view of Macaroni penguin (Eudyptes chrysolophus) ankle. Reactive new bone of infectious arthritis.

Figure 2. Posterior view of emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) knee. Severe disruptive changes of infectious arthritis.

Figure 3. Inferior view of common rhea (Rhea Americana) femoral condyle. Focal articular surface defect from osteochondritis dessicans.

Figure 4. Posterior view of Bateleur eagle (Terathopius ecaudatus) metatarsus. Prominent mid diaphyseal bump, related to neoplasm.

Figure 5. Right lateral view of ostrich (Struthio camelus) chest. Large malignant calcific masses.

Figure 6. Lateral view of hard head duck (Aythya australis) upper extremities. Diffuse enlargement with irregular lacy surface, from probable neoplasm.

Figure 7. Lateral view of skeletonized body of bare-faced curassow (Crax fasciolata). Osteolytic areas from cancer.

Figure 8. Ventral view of snow goose (Anser cygnoides) pelvis. New bone formation of a mass.

Figure 9. Anterior oblique view of red-necked pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) distal tibiotarsus. Periosteal thickening with isolated spicules from neoplasm.

Figure 10. Anterior view of Australian cassowary (Casuarius casuarius) proximal tibiotarsus. Focal spheroid lesion with overhanging edge classic for gout.

Figure 11. Medial oblique view of black-throated diver (Gavia arctica) distal tibiotarsus. Overgrowth at joint margin forming osteophytes of osteoarthritis.