Archaeometallurgical Analysis of Lead Weights and Sling Bullets from Seleucid Tell Iẓṭabba: More on Lead Origin in Seleucid Palestine

Figures & data

Fig. 1: Aerial photograph of the Beth Shean area and location map

Fig. 2: Weights and sling bullets from Tell Iztabba

Fig. 2: Weights and sling bullets from Tell Iztabba

Fig. 3: Top (from left to right): attached strip of lead on bottoms of lead weights of Nos. 3, 4 and 5; bottom (from left to right): details of lead weight knob handles of Nos. 3, 4 and 7

Table 1: Elemental composition of the lead samples and standard reference material by portable XRF^I

^I Samples ID are either Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA) Nos. (prefixed 91) or IAA excavation licence No. (prefixed G-17). <LOD = below detection limit = <3s error. When the detected and calculated concentration of the individual element is below 3s, it is noted as <LOD; note that the certified As content of PG standard reference material is < 0.02%.

Fig. 4: Lead isotope diagrams of objects; a trendline is drawn for the weights (triangles) (analytical errors are smaller than symbols)

Table 2: Lead isotope results of the analysed samples^I

^I Samples ID are either Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA) Nos. (prefixed 91) or IAA excavation licence No. (prefixed G-17).

Fig. 5: Lead isotope diagrams for comparison of corpus bottom (A, triangles), knob handles (B, circles) and lead strip attached to the bottom of No. 3 (C, ) (analytical errors are smaller than symbols)

Fig. 6: Lead isotope diagrams of objects and ore minerals; for sources for reference data, see below, References section; all reference data are filtered for lead ores (the majority is reported as galena) (analytical errors of the objects are smaller than symbols, analytical errors for the reference data vary with the original publications)

Fig. 7: Lead isotope diagrams of objects and ore minerals: close-up (analytical errors of the objects are smaller than symbols, analytical errors for the reference data vary with the original publications)