Archaeometallurgical Analysis of Lead Weights and Sling Bullets from Seleucid Tell Iẓṭabba: More on Lead Origin in Seleucid Palestine

References

• Ameling, W., Cotton, H.M., Eck, W., Isaac, B., Kushnir-Stein, A., Misgav, H., Price, J. and Yardeni, A. 2011. Corpus Inscriptionum Iudaeae/Palaestinae: Volume 2: Caesarea and the Middle Coast: 1121–2160. Berlin. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110222180.
   Google Scholar
• Ameling, W., Cotton, H.M., Eck, W., Isaac, B., Kushnir-Stein, A., Misgav, H., Price, J. and Yardeni, A. 2014. Corpus Inscriptionum Iudaeae/Palaestinae: Volume 3: South Coast: 2161–2648. Berlin. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110337679 (accessed 13 July 2022).
   Google Scholar
• Ariel, D.T. 2006. The Stamped Amphora Handles. In: Mazar, A., ed. Excavations at Tel Beth-Shean 1989–1996 I: From the Late Bronze Age IIB to the Medieval Period. Jerusalem: 594–606.
   Google Scholar
• Bar-Nathan, R. and Mazor, G. 1991. City Center (South) and Tel Iẓtabba Area; Excavations of the Antiquities Authority Expedition. Excavations and Surveys in Israel 11: 33–51.
   Google Scholar
• Bliss, F.J. and Macalister, R.A.S. 1902. Excavations in Palestine during the Years 1898–1900. London.
   Google Scholar
• Cuchí-Oterino, J.A., Alvarez Penanes, P., Martín-Gil, J., Moldovan, M., Aguilera Aragón, I. and Martín-Ramos, P. 2021. Mineral Provenance of Roman Lead Objects from the Cinca River Basin (Huesca, Spain). JAS Reports 37: 102979. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2021.102979 (accessed 13 July 2022).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dar, S. 1994. Settlements and Cult Sites on Mount Hermon, Israel: Ituraean Culture in the Hellenistic and Roman Periods (British Archaeological Reports International Series 589). Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Dar, S. and Nagar-Hillman, O. 2009. Weights from Tel Dor and Ḥorvat Shallale on the Carmel. Eretz-Israel 29: 118–124 (Hebrew), 286* (English summary).
   Google Scholar
• Dothan, M. 1976. Akko: Interim Excavation Report First Season, 1973/4. BASOR 224: 1–48.
   Google Scholar
• Dreyer, B. 2016. Tulul adh-Dhahab: Die Schleuderbleie von Terrasse I. Marburger Winckelmann-Programm 2015–2016: 139–145.
   Google Scholar
• Ebeling, P., Edrey, M., Harpak, T., Lichtenberger, A. and Tal, O. 2020. Field Report on the 2019 German–Israeli Tell Iẓṭabbā Excavation Project (Beth She<an), Israel. ZDPV 136: 176–190.
   Google Scholar
• Ebeling, P., Edrey, M., Harpak, T., Lichtenberger, A. and Tal, O. 2021. Field Report on the 2020 German–Israeli Tell Iẓṭabbā Excavation Project (Beth She<an), Israel. ZDPV 137: 60–74.
   Google Scholar
• Finkielsztejn, G. 1999. More Evidence on John Hyrcanus I’s Conquests: Lead Weights and Rhodian Amphora Stamps. Bulletin of the Anglo-Israel Archaeological Society 16: 33–63.
   Google Scholar
• Finkielsztejn, G. 2001. Administration and Trade in the Hellenistic Period: Dating and Standards of Measures. In: Measuring and Weighing in Ancient Times (Hecht Museum Catalogue 17). Haifa: 15*–19*.
   Google Scholar
• Finkielsztejn, G. 2014. The Weight Standards of the Hellenistic Levant, Part One—The Evidence of the Syrian Scale Weights. Israel Numismatic Research 9: 61–94.
   Google Scholar
• Finkielsztejn, G. 2015. The Weight Standards of the Hellenistic Levant, Part Two: The Evidence of the Phoenician Scale Weights. Israel Numismatic Research 10: 55–103.
   Google Scholar
• Finkielsztejn, G. 2018. The Amphora Stamps. In: Mazor, G., Atrash, W. and Finkielsztejn, G. Bet She<an IV. Hellenistic Nysa-Scythopolis: The Amphora Stamps and Sealings from Tel Iẓṭabba (Israel Antiquities Authority Reports 62). Jerusalem: 13–126.
   Google Scholar
• Fischer, T. 1992. Tryphons verfehlter Sieg von Dor? Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 93: 29–30.
   Google Scholar
• Forouzan, F., Glover, J.B., Williams, F. and Deocampo, D. 2012. Portable XRF Analysis of Zoomorphic Figurines, ‘Tokens’” and Sling Bullets from Chogha Gavaneh, Iran. JAS 39: 3534–3541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2012.04.010 (accessed 13 July 2022).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galili, E., Syon, D., Finkielsztejn, G., Sussman, V. and Stiebel, G.D. 2016. Late Ptolemaic Assemblages of Metal Artifacts and Bronze Coins Recovered off the Coast of >Atlit. >Atiqot 87: 1–35.
   Google Scholar
• Gera, D. 1995. Tryphon’s Sling Bullet from Dor. In: Stern, E., ed. Excavations at Dor, Final Report IB. Areas A and C: The Finds (Qedem Reports 2). Jerusalem: 491–496.
   Google Scholar
• Gomes, S.S., Araújo, M.F., Monge Soares, A.M. and Correia, V.H. 2017. Provenance Evidence for Roman Lead Artefacts of Distinct Chronology from Portuguese Archaeological Sites. JAS Reports 16: 149–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.10.002 (accessed 13 July 2022).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hauptmann, A. 2007. The Archaeometallurgy of Copper: Evidence from Faynan, Jordan (Springer, Natural Science in Archaeology). Berlin and Heidelberg.
   Google Scholar
• Hendin, D. 2007. Ancient Scale Weights and Pre-Coinage Currency of the Near East. New York.
   Google Scholar
• Holland, L. 2009. Weights and Weight-Like Objects from Caesarea Maritima. Hadera.
   Google Scholar
• Killen, S. 2020. Bronzegewicht = Normgewicht? Bemerkungen zu griechischen Gewichten aus Bronze. In: Doyen, C. and Willocx, L., eds. Pondera antiqua et mediaevalia I (Numismatica Lovaniensia 22). Louvain-la-Neuve: 1–22.
   Google Scholar
• Korzakova, H.B. 2010. Lead Sling Bullets. In: Kloner, A., Eshel, E., Korzakova, H.B. and Finkielsztejn, G. Maresha Excavations Final Report III: Epigraphic Finds from the 1989–2000 Seasons (Israel Antiquities Authority Reports 45). Jerusalem: 151–153.
   Google Scholar
• Lichtenberger, A. 2003. Kulte und Kultur der Dekapolis. Untersuchungen zu numismatischen, archäologischen und epigraphischen Zeugnissen (Abhandlungen des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins 29). Wiesbaden.
   Google Scholar
• Lichtenberger, A. 2008. Artemis and Zeus Olympios in Roman Gerasa and Seleucid Religious Policy. In: Kaizer, T., ed. The Variety of Local Religious Life in the Near East in the Hellenistic and Roman Periods. Leiden and Boston: 133–153.
   Google Scholar
• Lichtenberger, A., Mienis, H., Orendi, A., Pines, M., Rittner, O. and Tal, O. 2022. For Everything There Is a Season: More Than a Year of Destruction at Seleucid Tell Iẓṭabba (Israel). Antiquity (Project Gallery) 388.
   Google Scholar
• Lifshitz, B. 1976. Bleigewichte aus Palästina und Syrien. ZDPV 92: 168–187.
   Google Scholar
• Lorenzon, M. and Cutillas-Victoria, B. Forthcoming. Tell Iẓṭabba Earthen Construction Practices: A Case Study of Mudbrick Analysis from the Jordan Valley. In: Lichtenberger, A. and Tal, O. Hellenistic Nysa-Scythopolis: German–Israeli Tell Iẓṭabba Excavation Project Final Reports, I. The 2019–2020 Seasons (Monograph Series of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University). Tel Aviv and University Park, PA.
   Google Scholar
• Macalister, R.A.S. 1912. The Excavation of Gezer I–III, 1902–1905 and 1907–1909. London.
   Google Scholar
• Magaritz, M. 1975. Epigenetic Dolomitization and Mineralization in Jurassic Rocks from Mount Hermon and Northern Negev, Israel. Chemical Geology 16: 295–306. doi: 10.1016/0009-2541(75)90067-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magen, Y. 2008. Mount Gerizim Excavations II: A Temple City (Judea and Samaria Publications 8). Jerusalem.
   Google Scholar
• Manns, F. 1984. Some Weights of the Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine Periods (Studium Biblicum Franciscanum Museum 7). Jerusalem.
   Google Scholar
• Mazor, G. 2008. Beth-Shean: The Hellenistic to Early Islamic Periods: The Israel Antiquities Authority Excavations. In: Stern, E., ed. New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land 5. Jerusalem: 1623–1636.
   Google Scholar
• Mazor, G. and Atrash, W. 2018. Introduction. In: Mazor, G., Atrash, W. and Finkielsztejn, G. Bet She&lt;an IV. Hellenistic Nysa-Scythopolis: The Amphora Stamps and Sealings from Tel Iẓṭabba (Israel Antiquities Authority Reports 62). Jerusalem: 1–12.
   Google Scholar
• Müller, R., Brey, G.P., Seitz, H.-M. and Klein, S. 2015. Lead Isotope Analyses on Late Republican Sling Bullets. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 7: 473– 485. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-014-0209-0 (accessed 13 July 2022).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nomicos, S. 2021. Laurion. Montan- und siedlungsarchäologische Studien zum antiken Blei-Silberbergbau (Der Anschnitt. Beiheft 44). Bochum. https://doi.org/10.46586/DBM.230 (accessed 24 July 2022).
   Google Scholar
• Orendi, A., Lichtenberger, A. and Tal, O. 2021. Food in a Colonial Setting: The Flora Assemblage of a Short-Lived Seleucid-Founded Site in the Near East. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 30: 641–655. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00334-020-00820-z (accessed 13 July 2022).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pines, M., Mienis, H., Rittner, O., Lichtenberger, A. and Tal, O. 2022. Food in a Colonial Setting: The Faunal Assemblage of a Short-Lived Seleucid-Founded Site in the Near East. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 45: 103558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2022.103558 (accessed 24 July 2022).
   Google Scholar
• Prichett, W.K. 1991. The Greek State at War, Part V. Berkeley.
   Google Scholar
• Reisner, G.A., Fisher, C.S. and Lyon, D.G. 1924. Harvard Excavations at Samaria 1908–1910, I–II. Cambridge, MA.
   Google Scholar
• Rihll, T. 2009. Lead ‘Slingshots’ (Glandes). Journal of Roman Archaeology 22: 147–169. doi: 10.1017/S1047759400020638
   Google Scholar
• Schlesinger, D. 1982. A Lead Slingshot from Dor. Qadmoniot 60: 116 (Hebrew).
   Google Scholar
• Schlesinger, D. 1984. More on Slingshots. Qadmoniot 66–67: 89 (Hebrew).
   Google Scholar
• Schlesi nger, D. 1991. T he A rchaeological Fi nds i n the A haron Sadeh Collection —T he Slingshots. In: Fischer, M., ed. Yavneh, Yavneh-Yam and Their Neighborhood. Palmaḥim: 64–68 (Hebrew).
   Google Scholar
• Sivan, R. and Solar, G. 1994. Excavations in the Jerusalem Citadel, 1980–1988. In: Geva, H., ed. Ancient Jerusalem Revealed. Jerusalem: 168–176.
   Google Scholar
• Smithline, H. 1997. Sasa (West). Excavations and Surveys in Israel 16: 20–22.
   Google Scholar
• Stern, E. 2000. Dor: Ruler of the Seas. Nineteen Years of Excavations at the Israelite-Phoenician Harbor Town on the Carmel Coast (rev. ed.). Jerusalem.
   Google Scholar
• Stiebel, G.D. 1997. ‘ … You Were the Word of War’. A Sling Shot Testimony from Israel. Journal of Roman Military Equipment Studies 8: 301–307.
   Google Scholar
• Tal, O. 2007. Coin Denominations and Weight Standards in Fourth-Century BCE Palestine. Israel Numismatic Research 2: 17–28.
   Google Scholar
• Tal, O. 2011. ‘Hellenistic Foundations’ in Palestine. In Grabbe, L.I. and Lipschits, O., eds. Judah between East and West: The Transition from Persian to Greek Rule (ca. 400–200 BCE). New York and London: 242–254.
   Google Scholar
• Tushingham, A.D. 1985. Excavations in Jerusalem 1961–1967. Volume I. Toronto.
   Google Scholar
• Vlad, A.-M., Niculescu, G., Villa, I., Kasper, H.U., Chiriac, C. and Sârghie, I. 2011. The Origins of Lead Archaeological Artifacts Using Mass Spectrometry Analysis. Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia 39: 50–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeae.2011.06.006 (accessed 13 July 2022).
   Google Scholar
• Weiss, P. 2017. Die Zenoniden, Alexander Iannaios und die Zerstorung von Amathous. Zu den Schleuderbleien von Tulul adh-Dhahab (Jordanien). Chiron 47: 367–387.
   Google Scholar
• Weiss, P. and Drasowski, N. 2010. Neue griechische Schleuderbleie. Tissaphernes und weitere Kommandeure. Chiron 40: 123–153.
   Google Scholar
• Westner, K.J., Rose, T., Klein, S. and Hsu, Y.-K. 2021. GlobaLID—Global Lead Isotope Database. V. 1.0. GFZ Data Services, https://doi.org/10.5880/fidgeo.2021.031 (accessed 13 July 2022).
   Google Scholar
• Yuzefovsky, B. 2021. Metal Finds. In: Reich, R. and Shukron, E., eds. Excavations in the City of David, Jerusalem (1995–2010): Areas A, J, F, H, D and L. Final Report (Ancient Jerusalem Publications 1). University Park, PA: 636–646.
   Google Scholar
• Zitronblat, A. and Geva, H. 2003. Metal Artifacts. In: Geva, H., ed. Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem Conducted by Nahman Avigad, 1969–1982. Volume II: The Finds from Areas A, W and X-2—Final Report. Jerusalem: 353–363. Database Sources
   Google Scholar
• GlobaLID and references herein: Westner, K. J., Rose, Th., Klein, S. and Hsu, Y.-K. 2021. GlobaLID – Global Lead Isotope Database. V. 1.0. GFZ Data Services, https://doi.org/10.5880/fidgeo.2021.031
   Google Scholar
• OXALID (https://oxalid.arch.ox.ac.uk/The%20Database/TheDatabase.htm) and references herein: Stos-Gale, Z.A. and Gale, N.H. 2009. Metal Provenancing Using Isotopes and the Oxford Archaeological Lead Isotope Database (OXALID). Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 1(3): 195–213. Published data from Turkey/Anatolia doi: 10.1007/s12520-009-0011-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Begemann, F., Schmitt-Strecker, S. and Pernicka, E. 2003. On the Composition and Provenance of Metal Finds from Besiktepe (Troia). In: Wagner, G.A., Pernicka, E. and Uerpmann, H.P., eds. Troia and the Troad: Scientific Approaches (Springer, Natural Science in Archaeology). Berlin: 173–201.
   Google Scholar
• Cevrim, M. 1984. Die Zink-Blei-Vererzungen des Aladag-Gebietes / Türkei mit Betrachtungen zur Paläokarstentwicklung. Ph. D. Fakultät für Bergbau und Hüttenwesen, Rheinisch-Westfälischen Technischen Hochschule, Aachen.
   Google Scholar
• Ceyhan, N. 2003. Lead Isotope Geochemistry of Pb-Zn Deposits from Eastern Taurides, Turkey (MSc dissertation, Middle East Technical University).
   Google Scholar
• Chamberlain, V.E. and Gale, N.H. 1980. The Isotopic Composition of Lead in Greek Coins and in Galena from Greece and Turkey. Proceedings of the 16th International Symposium on Archaeometry and Archaeological Prospection, Edinburgh, 1976 (National Museum of Scotland). Edinburgh: 139–155.
   Google Scholar
• Gale, N.H. 2005. Die Kupferbarren aus von Uluburun. Teil 2: Bleiisotopenanalysen von Bohrkernen aus den Barren. In: Yalçın, Ü., Pulak, C. and Slotta, R., eds. Das Schiff von Uluburun: Welthandel vor 3000 Jahren: Katalog der Ausstellung des Deutschen Bergbau-Museums Bochum vom 15. Juli 2005 bis 16. Juli 2006 (Deutsches Bergbau-Museum Bochum 138). Bochum: 141–148.
   Google Scholar
• Hirao, Y., Enemoto, J. and Tachikawa, H. 1995. Lead Isotope Ratios of Copper, Zinc and Lead Minerals in Turkey—In Relation to the Provenance Study of Artefacts. In: Mikasa, T. and Prince, H.I.H., eds. Essays on Ancient Anatolia and Its Surrounding Civilizations (Bulletin of the Middle Eastern Culture Center in Japan 8). Wiesbaden: 89–114.
   Google Scholar
• Koptagel, O., Fallick, A.E. and Ulusoy, U. 2007. Sulfur and Lead Isotope Investigations of the Carbonate-Hosted Pb-Zn Deposits in the Yahyal Region, Kayseri, Southern Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 16(1): 57–76.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuovo, O. 1976. Data Reported in Lead Isotope Data Book, United States Geological Survey Open-File Report: 77–78.
   Google Scholar
• Sayre, E., Yener, K., Joel, E. and Barnes, I. 1992. Statistical Evaluation of the Presently Accumulated Lead Isotope Data from Anatolia and Surrounding Regions. Archaeometry 34(1): 73–105. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-4754.1992.tb00479.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sayre, E.V., Joel, E.C., Blackman, M.J., Yener, K.A. and Özbal, H. 2001. Stable Lead Isotope Studies of Black Sea Anatolian Ore Sources and Related Bronze Age and Phrygian Artefacts from Nearby Archaeological Sites. Appendix: New Central Taurus Ore Data, Archaeometry 43(1): 77–115. doi: 10.1111/1475-4754.00006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seeliger, T.C., Pernicka, E., Wagner, G.A., Begemann, F., Schmitt-Strecker, S., Eibner, C., Wagner, G., Oztunali, O. and Baranyi, I. 1985. Archäometallurgische Untersuchungen in Nord- und Ostanatolien. Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz 32: 597–659.
   Google Scholar
• Vavelidis, M., Bassiakos, I., Begemann, F., Patriarcheas, K., Pernicka, E., Schmitt-Strecker, S., and Wagner, G.A. 1985. Geologie und Erzvorkommen. In: Wagner, G.A., Weisgerber, G. and Kroker, W., eds. Silber, Blei und Gold auf Sifnos: Prähistorische und antike Metallproduktion (Zeitschrift für Kunst und Kultur Begbau 3; Veröffentlichungen aus dem Deutschen Bergbau-Museum Bochum 31). Bochum: 59–80.
   Google Scholar
• Wagner, G.A., Pernicka, E., Seeliger, T.C., Oztunali, O., Baranyi, I., Begemann, F. and Schmitt-Strecker, S. 1985. Geologische Untersuchungen zur frühen Metallurgie in NW-Anatolien. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration 101/102: 45–81.
   Google Scholar
• Wagner, G.A., Pernicka, E., Seeliger, T.G., Lorenz, I.B., Begemann, F., Schmitt-Strecker, S., Eibner, C. and Öztunali, Ö. 1986. Geochemische und isotopische Charakteristika früher Rohstoffquellen für Kupfer, Blei, Silber und Gold in der Türkei. Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz 33: 723–752.
   Google Scholar
• Yener, K.A., Sayre, E.V., Joel, E.C., Özbal, H., Barnes, I.L. and Brill, R.H. 1991. Stable Lead Isotope Studies of Central Taurus Ore Sources and Related Artifacts from Eastern Mediterranean Chalcolithic and Bronze Age Sites. Journal of Archaeological Sciences 18(5): 541–577. doi: 10.1016/0305-4403(91)90053-R
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar