Malting Quality of ICARDA Elite Winter Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Germplasm Grown in Moroccan Middle Atlas

Figures & data

Table 1. Summary statistics, analysis of variance, least significant difference, coefficient of variation and broad-sense heritability for grains characteristics of different barley genotypes.

Parameter	Min.	1st Qu.	Median	Mean	3rd Qu.	Max.	LSD	CV	MS	h^2
HW (kg/hl)	29	32.17	34.8	34.59	37	41.5	3.49	6.65	12.07**	0.54
TKW (g)	41	45.24	47.27	47.35	48.86	55.3	3.44	4.18	14.25***	0.73
Plump grain (%)	72	86.02	90.9	89.88	95.12	98.6	5.73	4.97	31.28 ns	0.38
Seed area (mm^2)	18	20.1	20.7	20.64	21.29	22.85	1.05	3.04	1.21***	0.68
Seed length (mm)	7	7.36	7.56	7.55	7.73	8.23	0.33	2.8	0.11**	0.59
Seed width (mm)	3	3.42	3.49	3.5	3.56	3.74	0.09	1.4	0.01***	0.82
Seed perimeter (mm)	22	23.29	23.77	23.82	24.3	25.84	0.95	2.48	0.91**	0.62
Barley protein (%)	8	9.7	10.65	10.66	11.33	13.53	1.44	7.51	1.88**	0.68
Starch content (%)	53	54.43	54.87	55.01	55.67	57.33	1.02	1.18	0.88*	0.54
Germination capacity (%)	73	92.34	95.52	94.31	97.54	100	3.9	4.99	25.62 ns	0.16

Note: HW, hectoliter weight. TKW, thousand-kernel weight. Min, minimum. 1st Qu, first quartile. 3rd Qu, third quartile. Max, maximum. LSD, least significant difference at 5%. h2, Broad sense heritability. MS, mean square. CV, coefficient of variation. CV, coefficient of variation, *significant at p < 0.05, ** significant at p < 0.01, *** significant at p < 0.001.

Table 2. Descriptive statistics, least significant difference at 5%, coefficient of variation, analysis of variance and broad-sense heritability of malt quality traits of different malted genotypes.

Parameter	N	Min.	1st Qu.	Median	Mean	3rd Qu.	Max.	LSD	CV (%)	MS	h^2
Malt friability (%)	36	66	84.1	89.4	87.13	93.3	97.8	7.05	7.05	66.36 ns	0.3
Malt extract (%)	36	78.9	81	82	81.82	82.72	84.7	1.49	1.11	1.77*	0.57
Soluble protein (%)	36	4	4.4	4.6	4.65	4.9	5.7	0.4	4.57	0.14**	0.71
Malt protein (%)	36	9.1	10.05	10.8	10.74	11.32	12.8	1.05	5.37	0.90**	0.67
Kolbach index (%)	36	37.27	42.11	43.26	43.43	44.81	49.46	2.9	3.49	8.55**	0.72
Barley β-glucan (%)	20	1.41	1.97	2.07	2.03	2.15	2.23	–	7.46	0.02 ns	–
Malt β-glucan (%)	20	0.73	0.75	0.76	0.76	0.77	0.8	–	42.75	0.00 ns	–
FAN (mg N/ml)	20	149.3	161.3	172.9	174.4	187	211.8	–	8.64	227.12 ns	–
AAL (U/g)	20	96.42	110.32	135.1	138.4	156.47	212.8	–	13.43	345.5***	–

Note: FAN, Free amino nitrogen. AAL, α-Amylase. N, number of genotypes (36 is the total number of tested genotypes, 20 is the number of selected genotypes). Min, minimum. 1st Qu, first quartile. 3rd Qu, third quartile. Max, maximum. LSD, least significant difference at 5%. h², Broad sense heritability. MS, mean square. CV, coefficient of variation. *, significant at p < 0.05, **, significant at p < 0.01, ***, significant at p < 0.001.

Table 3. Correlation and the contribution (%) of studied traits to the first three principal components of the principal component analysis.

Trait	Correlation			Contribution (%)
	PC1	PC2	PC3	PC1	PC2	PC3
HW	0.35	−0.47	0.49	2.58	8.79	11.42
TKW	0.44	0.29	0.73	4.20	3.33	25.79
Area	0.66	0.65	0.30	9.31	16.67	4.41
Length	0.54	0.72	−0.34	6.34	20.55	5.58
Width	0.37	0.10	0.87	2.93	0.41	36.75
Perimeter	0.53	0.75	−0.31	5.94	22.39	4.50
BP	-0.90	0.29	0.11	17.48	3.40	0.55
Starch	0.60	-0.52	0.12	7.70	10.86	0.70
MP	-0.89	0.27	0.28	16.89	2.87	3.67
SP	-0.61	0.42	0.24	7.89	6.85	2.77
ME	0.76	−0.29	−0.27	12.50	3.22	3.47
KI	0.54	0.13	−0.09	6.23	0.67	0.39

Note: PC1, first principal component. PC2, second principal component. PC3, third principal component. HW, hectoliter weight. TKW, thousand kernel weight. Area, seed area, Length, seed length. Width, seed width. Perimeter, seed perimeter. Plump, percentage of plump grain. BP, barley protein. Starch, starch content. MP, malt protein. SP, soluble protein. ME, malt extract. KI, Kolbach index.

Figure 1. Pearson correlations coefficient among measured traits. Positive correlations are displayed in blue and negative correlations in red. The intensity of the color and the size of the circles are proportional to the correlation coefficients. The color legend shows the correlation coefficients and the corresponding colors. Thousand kernel weight (TKW), hectoliter weight (HW). Percentage of plump grains (Plump). Seed area (Area), Seed length (Length). Seed width (Width). Seed perimeter (Perimeter). Barley protein (BP). Starch content (Starch). Malt extract (ME). Malt protein (MP). Soluble proteins (SP). Kolbach index (KI). *significant at p < 0.05, ** significant at p < 0.01, *** significant at p < 0.001.

Figure 2. Biplot of the first two dimensions (PC1 and PC2) of the principal component analysis (PCA) for the 36 genotypes based on their significant physicochemical and malt traits. The clusters were obtained by the hierarchical cluster analysis using Ward’s method by calculating the Euclidean distance. Variables contribution to explained variation (Var.contrib). Hectoliter weight (HW), thousand kernel weight (TKW), seed area (Area), seed length (Length), seed width (Width), seed perimeter (Perimeter), barley protein (BP), grain starch content (Starch), malt protein (MP), soluble protein (SP), malt extract (ME), Kolbach index (KI).

Figure 3. Dendrogram of 36 barley genotypes based on twelve grain and malt quality parameters. Pedigree information of each genotype plotted on the left vertical axis.

Table 4. Mean value, minimum, maximum, and standard deviation of grain physicochemical and malt quality traits in the four clusters of 36 barley genotypes.

Cluster	Statistics	HW	TKW	Area	Length	Width	Perimeter	BP	Starch	MP	SP	ME	KI
I	Mean	35.93	47.60	21.06	7.72	3.49	24.24	9.59	55.45	9.81	4.46	82.84	45.71
	Max	40.08	50.23	22.05	7.92	3.56	25.09	10.09	56.90	10.37	4.74	84.44	47.22
	Min	31.87	43.72	20.49	7.50	3.38	23.33	8.97	54.88	9.19	4.30	81.71	43.28
	SD	2.73	2.05	0.54	0.16	0.06	0.61	0.45	0.67	0.33	0.16	0.83	1.17
II	Mean	32.73	44.27	19.36	7.24	3.42	22.90	12.19	54.38	11.88	5.02	80.42	42.37
	Max	33.85	45.42	19.59	7.31	3.49	23.07	12.88	55.12	12.34	5.37	81.32	43.64
	Min	31.69	43.37	18.86	7.18	3.35	22.76	11.55	54.10	11.49	4.79	79.24	41.17
	SD	1.13	1.00	0.34	0.07	0.06	0.17	0.55	0.49	0.40	0.25	0.87	1.18
III	Mean	32.94	47.93	21.16	7.75	3.49	24.43	11.20	54.35	11.14	4.78	81.13	42.71
	Max	36.41	54.17	22.30	7.94	3.68	24.96	12.94	55.15	12.40	5.22	81.69	44.60
	Min	30.46	45.36	20.47	7.64	3.41	23.95	10.41	53.77	10.27	4.33	80.20	41.22
	SD	1.77	2.94	0.57	0.09	0.08	0.29	0.92	0.46	0.62	0.30	0.55	1.08
IV	Mean	35.32	47.70	20.41	7.41	3.52	23.42	10.58	55.32	10.78	4.59	82.03	42.65
	Max	38.55	53.48	21.30	7.70	3.65	23.93	11.60	56.08	11.73	5.04	83.28	46.84
	Min	31.11	44.75	19.33	7.09	3.32	22.51	9.57	54.65	10.01	4.10	80.80	37.95
	SD	2.13	2.78	0.61	0.16	0.09	0.36	0.57	0.45	0.43	0.27	0.67	2.52
Total	Mean	34.59	47.35	20.64	7.55	3.50	23.82	10.67	55.01	10.75	4.65	81.83	43.40
	Max	40.08	54.17	22.30	7.94	3.68	25.09	12.94	56.90	12.40	5.37	84.44	47.22
	Min	30.46	43.37	18.86	7.09	3.32	22.51	8.97	53.77	9.19	4.10	79.24	37.95
	SD	2.45	2.67	0.78	0.23	0.08	0.68	1.02	0.70	0.78	0.30	1.04	2.21

Note: HW, hectoliter weight. TKW, thousand kernel weight. Area, seed area, Length, seed length. Width, seed width. Perimeter, seed perimeter. BP, barley protein. Starch, starch content. MP, malt protein. SP, soluble protein. ME, malt extract. KI, Kolbach index. Min, minimum. Max, maximum. SD, standard deviation.

Figure 4. Heatmap and hierarchical clustering for physicochemical and malt quality traits in the 20 selected genotypes. Genotype names on the vertical axis. Variables names on the horizontal axis. Hectoliter weight (HW), percentage of plump grain (Plump), malt friability (MF), malt extract (ME), Kolbach index (KI), free amino nitrogen (FAN), α-amylase (AAL). Bright blue indicates lowest values while bright red indicates highest values for each trait.

Table 5. Weighted score for selected genotypes based on seven quality traits as described by Kumar et al.^[23] (free amino nitrogen and alpha-amylase included).

Genotype	HW	Plump	MF	KI	ME	FAN	AAL	Total (21)
YT-09	1	2	3	2	3	1	0	12
Ince04	1	3	3	3	3	0	0	13
YT-28	1	1	3	3	3	2	0	13
YT-16	1	2	3	3	3	1	0	13
YT-10	1	3	3	2	3	1	0	13
YT-06	1	2	3	2	3	1	1	13
YT-18	2	3	3	2	3	1	0	14
YT-33	2	1	3	3	3	2	0	14
YT-19	1	3	3	3	3	2	0	15
YT-11	1	3	3	3	3	1	1	15
YT-25	1	1	3	2	3	2	3	15
YT-13	2	3	3	3	3	2	0	16
YT-08	1	3	3	3	3	3	0	16
YT-22	2	3	3	3	3	2	0	16
YT-24	2	2	3	3	3	2	1	16
YT-15	2	2	3	3	3	3	0	16
YT-04	2	3	3	3	3	3	0	17
YT-30	2	3	3	2	3	3	1	17
Larende	1	1	3	3	3	3	3	17
YT-05	2	2	3	3	3	3	3	19

Note: FAN, free amino nitrogen (<160 = 0, 160-170 = 1, 170-180 = 2, >180 = 3). AAL alpha amylase (<140 = 0, 140-150 = 1, 150-160 = 2, >160 = 3). HW, hectoliter weight (<30 = 0, 30-35 = 1, 35-40 = 2, >40 = 3). Plump = percent of plump grain (<80 = 0, 80-87 = 1, 88-92 = 2, >92 = 3). MF, malt friability (<45 = 0, 45-55 = 1, 55-65 = 2, >65 = 3). KI, Kolbach index (40-44% = 3, 35-39 & 45-49 = 2, 30-34 & 50-54 = 1, <30 & >54 = 0). ME, malt extract (>80.0 = 3, 78-80 = 2, 76-78 = 1, <76 = 0).