Emotional labour, emotional regulation strategies, and secondary traumatic stress: a cross-sectional study of allied mental health professionals in the UK

Figures & data

Figure 1. Postulated relations among study variables

Table 1. Sample distribution with STS scores

Sample Characteristics	N (%*)	Secondary Traumatic Stress (STS) Scores
		Low (13–16)	Average (17–21)	High (≥21)
Total Sample	99 (100%)	13 (13.13%)	35 (35.35%)	51 (51.51%)
Gender
Male	23 (23.23%)	1 (4.35%)	10 (43.48%)	12 (52.17%)
Female	75 (75.76%)	11 (14.67%)	19 (25.33%)	45 (60%)
Prefer not to say	1 (1.01%)	-	1 (100%)	-
Occupation
Practitioner	60 (60.61%)	8 (13.33%)	16 (26.67%)	36 (60%)
Trainee Practitioner	39 (39.4%)	4 (10.26%)	14 (35.9%)	21 (53.85%)
Educational Qualification
Missing Information	1 (1.01%)	-	-	1 (100%)
Professional Diploma	8 (8.08%)	-	2 (25%)	6 (75%)
Graduate	10 (10.11%)	1 (10%)	4 (40%)	5 (50%)
Post-Graduate	80 (80.81%)	11 (13.75%)	24 (30%)	45 (56.25%)

*After excluding missing values

Table 2. Mean, standard deviation, and inter-correlations among study variables

	Variable	Mean	Range	SD	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
1	Age	36.25	47.00	11.44
2	Gender^+	-	-	-	−.16
3	Occupation^+	-	-	-	−.47**	.13
4	Educational Qualification^+	-	-	-	.06	.17	.21
5	Clinical Experience	8.20	38.50	7.51	.65**	−.01	−.48**	.12
6	Caseload Volume	12.15	31.00	6.63	.09	−.01	−.15	.13	.10
7	Surface Acting	8.42	9.00	2.35	−.17	.11	.00	−.05	−.13	.13
8	Deep Acting	9.22	12.00	2.99	−.11	−.16	.02	.04	−.14	−.09	.15
9	STS	21.76	22.00	5.45	−.26*	−.05	−.06	−.14	−.09	−.14	.42**	.17

*p <0.05 level (two-tailed), **p <0.001 level (two-tailed), +Gender, occupation, and educational qualification are categorical variables

Table 3. Prediction of AMHPs secondary traumatic stress by demographic variables and components of emotional labour

Predictors	β	T	F	R^2	Δ R^2	p	BCa 95% CI
							LL	UL
Step 1 (control variables)			2.271	.149		.045
Age	−.435	−3.302*				.003	−.335	−.074
Gender	−.084	−.783				.436	−3.406	1.596
Occupation	−.212	−1.620				.109	−5.281	.502
Educational Qualification	−.056	−.499				.619	−2.863	1.689
Clinical Experience	.113	.779				.438	−.133	.247
Caseload Volume	−.134	−1.254				.213	−.315	.082
Step 2			4.285	.311	.162	.000
Surface Acting (SA)	.398	3.986**				.000	.468	1.364
Deep Acting (DA)	.077	.772				.442	−.164	.472
Step 3			3.348	.312	.001	.001
Cognitive Reappraisal (CR)	−.023	−.211				.834	−.369	.274
Expressive Suppression (ES)	−.011	−.089				.930	−.280	.268
Step 4			2.239	.318	.006	.011
SA*CR	.362	.374				.710	−.163	.183
SA*ES	−.411	−.601				.550	−.157	.091
DA*ES	.230	.248				.805	−.084	.114
DA*CR	−.139	−.242				.810	−.111	.109

*p <0.05 level, **p <0.001 level