Reckoning γ-Glutamyl-S-allylcysteine as a potential main protease (m^pro) inhibitor of novel SARS-CoV-2 virus identified using docking and molecular dynamics simulation

Abstract

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19), outbreak was first reported in December 2019 in the Wuhan, China. COVID-19 managed to spread worldwide and so far more than 9.1 million cases and more than 4.7 lakh death has been reported globally. Children, pregnant women, elderly population, immunocompromised patients, and patients with conditions like asthma, diabetes, etc. are highly vulnerable to COVID infection. Currently, there is no treatment available for COVID-19 infection. Traditional medicinal plants have provided bioactive molecules in the past that are efficiently used during conditions like cancer, malaria, microbial infections, immune-compromised states, etc. AYUSH India has recommended the use of Curcuma longa, Allium sativum, Ocimum tenuiflorum, and Withania somnifera for immune-boosting during SARS-CoV-2 infection. In the present study, we investigated the potential of 63-major bioactive molecules of these plants against SARS-CoV-2 main protease (M^pro) through docking studies and compared the results with known inhibitor 11a. Our results proposed cuscohygrine, γ-Glutamyl-S-allylcysteine, anahygrine, and S-allylcystein as the potent inhibitors against M^pro identified using molecular docking and molecular simulation dynamics. Interestingly, these molecules are from A. sativum, and W. somnifera, which are known for their antimicrobial and immunomodulatory potential. None of the proposed molecules have earlier been reported as antiviral molecules. Our results predict very strong potential of these four-molecules against SARS-CoV-2 M^pro, especially γ-glutamyl-S-allylcysteine, as all four form hydrogen bonding with Glu166 that is a crucial residue for the formation of the biologically active dimeric form of M^pro. Therefore, we strongly recommend further research on these biomolecules against SARS-CoV-2.

Keywords:

• Molecular docking
• COVID-19
• SARS-CoV-2
• coronavirus
• allium sativum
• withania somnifera

Acknowledgements

Authors acknowledge Govt. College of Pharmacy, Rohru, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Chitkara University and Gujrat University for supporting this work. Authors are thankful to Mr. Vijay Kumar Bhardwaj for providing technical inputs and necessary suggestions.

Disclosure statement

Authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.