The Return of Intergovernmentalism? De-Europeanisation and EU Foreign Policy Decision-making

Figures & data

Table 1. Theories and their explanatory power in light of de-Europeanisation

Theory	Drivers	Mechanisms	Expected policy type	upportive conditions	Expected explanatory power
Normative Suasion	Divergent preferences + Normative arguments	Persuasion	Consensus policy	Uncertain environment; few prior beliefs; in-group persuader; insulated decision-making.
Policy Learning	Divergent preferences + Exchanges of information	Preference convergence	Consensus policy	De-politicisation; technical issues; dense exchanges of information.
Normative Entrapment	Divergent preferences + Rhetorical framing	Entrapment	Norm-consistent policy	Strong & salient prior commitments; determinate norms; decision-making in EU forums.
Cooperative bargaining	Divergent preferences + Consensus norm + Consultation reflex	Cooperative bargaining	Compromise policy, likely norm-consistent	Clear common goals & values; trust in diffuse reciprocity; decision-making in EU forums; insulated decision-making.
Logrolling	Divergent preferences + Opportunity for mutual gain	Mutual concessions	Compromise policy, likely not norm-consistent	Issues that offer reciprocal bargains; little normative constraint on self-interested bargaining.
Competitive bargaining	Divergent preferences + Veto option	Competitive bargaining	Deadlock or Lowest Common Denominator	Few common goals & values; high politicization; mutually-exclusive policy preferences.