Personalized Nutrition in Disrupting Cancer — Proceedings From the 2017 American College of Nutrition Annual Meeting

Figures & data

Figure 1. Leading estimated new cancer cases by sex in the United States, 2016.

*Adapted with permission from Siegel et al. (2).

**Estimates are rounded to the nearest 10 and cases exclude basal cell and squamous cell skin cancers and in situ carcinoma except urinary bladder.

Table 1. American Cancer Society Guidelines on Nutrition and Physical Activity for Cancer Prevention.

Recommendations for individual choices
Achieve and maintain a healthy weight throughout life.
• Be as lean as possible throughout life without being underweight.
• Avoid excess weight gain at all ages. For those who are currently overweight or obese, losing even a small amount of weight has health benefits and is a good place to start.
• Engage in regular physical activity and limit consumption of high-calorie foods and beverages as key strategies for maintaining a healthy weight.
Adopt a physically active lifestyle.
• Adults should engage in at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity physical activity each week, or an equivalent combination, preferably spread throughout the week.
• Children and adolescents should engage in at least 1 hour of moderate- or vigorous-intensity physical activity each day, with vigorous-intensity activity at least 3 days each week.
• Limit sedentary behavior such as sitting, lying down, and watching television and other forms of screen-based entertainment.
• Doing any intentional physical activity above usual activities, no matter what the level of activity, can have many health benefits.
Consume a healthy diet, with an emphasis on plant sources.
• Choose foods and beverages in amounts that help achieve and maintain a healthy weight.
• Limit consumption of processed meat and red meats.
• Eat at least two-and-a-half cups of vegetables and fruits each day.
• Choose wholegrain instead of refined-grain products.
Limit alcohol consumption, if you drink at all.
Drink no more than one drink per day for women or two per day for men.

*Adapted with permission from the American Cancer Society (8).

Figure 2. Relationship of plasma glucose and ketone body levels to brain cancer management. The glucose and ketone (β-OHB) values are within normal physiological ranges under fasting conditions in humans. This is referred to as the zone of metabolic management. As blood glucose falls and ketones rise, an individual is predicted to reach the zone of metabolic management. Tumor progression is predicted to be slower within the metabolic target zone than outside of the zone. This can be tracked using the Glucose/Ketone Index.*

*Adapted with permission from Meidenbauer et al. (2015) [X].

Table 2. The Press-Pulse Therapeutic Strategy and Glucose/Ketone Index.*

Term & definition
Press-Pulse Therapeutic Strategy
• Simultaneous occurrence of “Press-Pulse” disturbances are considered the mechanism responsible for the extinction of organic populations during the prior evolutionary epochs. A “press” disturbance promoted extinction through habitat loss, reduced reproduction, and restriction of range and resources. Press disturbances would force a biological community into a new equilibrium where previously important species become non-viable. A press disturbance would shift the adaptive landscape to favor the fittest species while eliminating the weakest species. In contract to the press disturbances, “pulse” disturbances were considered acute events that disrupted biological communities to produce high mortality. Through extensive mortality in the immediate aftermath of the event, a pulse disturbance, as the physical and biotic environments would eventually recover to their pre-disturbance equilibria. It was only when both the press and pulse disturbances coincided that mass extinction of species, without recovery, was possible.
Glucose/Ketone Index
• A mathematical tool developed to calculate and monitor changes in the ratio of circulating glucose over β-OHB, the major circulating ketone body. The Glucose/Ketone Index generates a single value that can assess the relationship of major fermentable tumor fuel (i.e., glucose) to the nonfermentable fuel (i.e., ketone bodies). $\left[Glu\hspace{0.17em}\text{cos}\hspace{0.17em}e\mathrm{ }\mathit{\text{Ketone}}\mathrm{ }\mathit{\text{Index}}\right]=[\frac{Glu\hspace{0.17em}\text{cos}\hspace{0.17em}e\left(\frac{mg}{dL}\right)}{18.016\left(g\mathrm{*}\frac{dL}{mol}\right)}/[\mathit{\text{Ketone}}\mathrm{ }(mM)$

*Adapted from Seyfried et al. (2017) [X] and Meidenbauer et al. (2015) [X].

Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2016. CA Cancer J Clin . 2016;66(1):7–30.

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Kushi LH, Doyle C, McCullough M, Rock CL, Demark-Wahnefried W, Bandera EV, Gapstur S, Patel AV, Andrews K, Gansler T. American Cancer Society Guidelines on nutrition and physical activity for cancer prevention: reducing the risk of cancer with healthy food choices and physical activity. CA Cancer J Clin 2012;62(1):30–67.

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