Role of Mineral Nitrogen Nutrition in Fungal Plant Diseases of Cereal Crops

Figures & data

Figure 1. Common patterns of the effect of nitrogen fertilization on disease incidence. Individual literature sources are given as examples.

Table 1. Number of published papers reporting the effects of various nitrogen forms on plant disease incidence.

Form of Nitrogen	Change in disease incidence in 25 cereal fungal diseases
	Disease level increase	Disease level decrease	No influence
Total	33 (18/10/5)	15 (7/2/6)	16 (11/1/4)
Ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3)	11 (6/2/3)	5 (2/1/2)	3 (2/0/1)
Urea (CH4N2O)	13 (6/5/2)	4 (2/0/2)	5 (3/0/2)
Nitrate (NO3^−)	3 (3/0/0)	1 (1/0/0)	3 (3/0/0)
Ammonium (NH4^+)	3 (2/1/0)	3 (1/1/1)	3 (2/1/0)
Unspecified N	3 (1/2/0)	2 (1/0/1)	2 (1/0/1)

Data were collected from 83 published papers mentioning nitrogen nutrition and plant disease from 1924 to 2022. Published papers with the same observations for a disease were counted only once. Numbers in brackets indicate the number of observations based on the respective host plant (wheat/rice/maize).

Table 2. Biotrophic, necrotrophic and hemibiotrophic fungal diseases in Triticum aestivum and Hordeum vulgare and the influence of mineral nitrogen fertilizer rate and form on disease infection in comparison with control.

	Disease	Pathogen	Host	N-Form	N application [kg N ha^−1]	Control [kg N ha^−1]	Disease infection in comparison to control	References
Biotrophic Fungi	Stripe (yellow) rust	Puccinia striiformis	Triticum aestivum	Ammonium nitrate, urea, ammonium sulfate	20-300	0	Increase	(Huber and Watson, 1974; Darwinkel, 1980; Ash and Brown, 1991; Danial and Parlevliet, 1995; Neumann et al., 2004; Devadas et al., 2014; Gebrel et al., 2019)
				Ammonium sulfate	60	60 (Ammonium nitrate)	No influence	(Darwinkel, 1980)
	Stem rust	Puccinia graminis	Triticum aestivum	Sodium nitrate	280–1120	0	Increase	(Stakman, 1924)
	Leave (brown) rust	Puccinia triticina	Triticum aestivum	Ammonium nitrate	20–320 mg N per plant	0	Increase	(Piening, 1972; Tiedemann, 1996; Fleitas et al., 2018a)
				Urea, Calcium nitrate	30,90		No influence	(Singh, 2006; Bürling et al., 2011)
	Powdery mildew	Blumeria graminis	Triticum aestivum, Hordeum vulgare	Unspecified N; sodium and calcium nitrate, ammonium nitrate, urea	0.05–0.2 g N kg^−1 soil; 1.4–3.5 g N per plant; 30–400 mg N per plant; 90–270	0	Increase	(Last, 1953; Bainbridge, 1974; Grybauskas et al., 1988; Jensen and Munk, 1997; Chen et al., 2007; Luo et al., 2021)
				Ammonium sulfate	0.2 g kg^−1 soil	0.2 g kg^−1 soil (Calcium nitrate, Calcium cyanamide)	Increase	(Maywald et al., 2022)
Necrotrophic Fungi	Take all	Gaeumannomyces graminis	Triticum aestivum	Ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride, urea	45, 224, 16–64	0	Decrease	(Smiley and Cook, 1973; Smiley, 1978; Brennan, 1992a, 1992b, 1993)
				Sodium nitrate	45, 224	0	No influence, increase	(Smiley and Cook, 1973; Brennan, 1992b, 1993)
				Ammonium sulfate	45, 224	45, 224 (Sodium nitrate)	Decrease	(Smiley and Cook, 1973; Brennan, 1992b, 1993)
				Ammonium sulfate	0.2 g kg^−1 soil	0, 0.2 g kg^−1 soil (Calcium nitrate, Calcium cyanamide)	Increase	(Maywald et al., 2022)
	Common root rot	Cochliobolus sativus	Triticum aestivum	Unspecified N	120	60	Decrease	(Chaurasia and Duveiller, 2006; Baba, 2019)
				Urea	90	0	No influence	(Sisterna and Sarandón, 1996)
	Tan spot	Pyrenophora tritici-repentis	Triticum aestivum	Ammonium nitrate, calcium nitrate, urea	55–140	0	Decrease	(Huber, 1987; Krupinsky and Tanaka, 2001; Krupinsky et al., 2007; Fleitas et al., 2018b)
				Ammonium sulfate, calcium nitrate	112	0	No influence	(Bockus and Davis, 1993; Krupinsky et al., 2007)
Hemibiotrophic Fungi	Septoria leaf blotch	Mycosphaerella graminicola	Triticum aestivum	Ammonium nitrate, urea	65–300	0	Increase	(Gheorgies, 1974; Prew et al., 1983; Broscious, 1985; Howard et al., 1994; Leitch and Jenkins, 1995; Simón et al., 2002; Simón et al., 2003)
	Fusarium root rot	Fusarium culmorum	Hordeum vulgare	Ammonium nitrate	80–140	0	Decrease	(Hofer et al., 2016)
	Fusarium head blight	Giberella zeae; Giberella avenacea	Triticum aestivum	Ammonium nitrate	140	0	No influence	(Fauzi and Paulitz, 1994)
				Ammonium nitrate, ammonium nitrate urea solution	40–160	0	Increase	(Lemmens et al., 2004)
	True eyespot	Tapesia yallundae	Triticum aestivum	Urea + ammonium nitrate	15–60	0	No influence	(Shipton, 1972)
				Ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, urea + ammonium sulfate	200–380 (total available nitrogen)	0	Increase	(Colbach and Saur, 1998)
	Spot blotch	Cochliobolus sativus	Triticum aestivum	Unspecified N	120	0	No influence	(Sharma et al., 2006)
				Urea + diammonium phosphate	150 and 180	120	Increase	(Maity and Sanyal, 2002; Singh and Singh, 2006)
	Common root rot	Cochliobolus sativus	Triticum aestivum	Unspecified N	120	60	Decrease	(Chaurasia and Duveiller, 2006; Baba, 2019)
				Urea	90	0	No influence	(Sisterna and Sarandón, 1996)

Figure 2. Biotrophic and necrotrophic wheat diseases react differently depending upon the dose of nitrogen applied. The area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) was taken as a disease measure for leaf rust and tan spot. Adapted from (Simón et al., 2020).

Table 3. Biotrophic, necrotrophic and hemibiotrophic fungal diseases in Oryza sativa and the influence of mineral nitrogen fertilizer rate and form on disease infection in comparison with control.

	Disease	Pathogen	Host	N-Form	N application [kg N ha^−1]	Control [kg N ha^−1]	Disease infection in comparison to control	References
Biotrophic Fungi	Rice sheath rot	Sarocladium oryzae	Oryza sativa	Urea	100–300	0	Increase	(Bhaskar et al., 2001)
	Rice false smut	Villosiclava virens	Oryza sativa	Urea, unspecified	99–247	0	Increase	(Brooks et al., 2010, 2011; Rani et al., 2015)
Necrotrophic Fungi	Aggregate sheath spot	Rhizoctonia oryzae-sativae	Oryza sativa	Ammonium sulfate	50–200	0	Decrease	(Linquist et al., 2008)
	Brown spot	Cochliobolus miyabeanus	Oryza sativa	Ammonium nitrate	10–40; 25– 100 mg N kg^−1 soil	0	Decrease	(Gangopadhyay and Chattopadhyay, 1975; Carvalho et al., 2010)
					50–60		Increase	(Gangopadhyay and Chattopadhyay, 1975)
	Sheath blight	Thanatephorus cucumeris	Oryza sativa	Urea, unspecified	67–320	0	Increase	(Savary et al., 1995; Slaton et al., 2003; Tang et al., 2007; Li et al., 2012; Wu et al., 2012; Wu et al., 2015)
Hemibiotrophic Fungi	Rice blast	Magnaporthe oryzae	Oryza sativa	Ammonium nitrate, Urea	40 mg N L^−1; 120 and 180	0	Increase	(Long et al., 2000; Ballini et al., 2013; Huang et al., 2017; Thapa et al., 2018)
	Stem rot	Magnaporthe salvinii	Oryza sativa	Ammonium sulfate	112–224	0	Increase	(Keim and Webster, 1973)
					56 and 140		No influence	(Keim and Webster, 1973; Martínez, 2021)
	Fusarium sheath rot; Bakanae	Gibberella fujikuroi	Oryza sativa	Urea	62–125	0	Increase	(Grewal and Kang, 1990; Singh and Kaur, 2005)

Table 4. Biotrophic, necrotrophic and hemibiotrophic fungal diseases in Zea mays and the influence of mineral nitrogen fertilizer rate and form on disease infection in comparison with control.

	Disease	Pathogen	Host	N-Form	N application [kg N ha^−1]	Control [kg N ha^−1]	Disease infection in comparison to control	References
Biotrophic Fungus	Common smut	Ustilago maydis	Zea mays	Ammonium nitrate, urea	74–341	0	Increase	(Kostandi and Soliman, 1991; Kostandi et al., 1997; Kostandi and Soliman, 1997; Aydogdu and Boyraz, 2011; Szulc et al., 2014)
				Urea	50–150		No effect	(Kostandi et al., 1997; Szulc et al., 2014)
Necrotrophic Fungi	Ear rot (aflatoxin production)	Petromyces flavus	Zea mays	Ammonium nitrate, urea, di-ammonium phosphate, unspecified	26–400	0	Decrease	(Anderson et al., 1975; Jones and Duncan, 1981; Blandino et al., 2008; Mutiga et al., 2017)
	Leaf blight	Cochliobolus heterostrophus	Zea mays	Unspecified	60–180	0	No effect	(Junaid et al., 2009)
Hemibiotrophic Fungi	Ear rot, stalk rot	Gibberella sp. (G. zeae; G. moniliformis)	Zea mays	Ammonium nitrate, urea	0–400	0	Increase	(Reid et al., 2001; Blandino et al., 2008; Szulc et al., 2014)
					0–400	0	Decrease	(Reid et al., 2001; Blandino et al., 2008; Abd-Rabboh et al., 2020)
					0–400	0	No effect	(Blandino et al., 2008)
	Gray leaf spot	Mycosphaerella sp.	Zea mays	Ammonium nitrate	60 and 120	0	Increase	(Caldwell et al., 2002)

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