Arabinose as an overlooked sugar for microbial bioproduction of chemical building blocks

Figures & data

Figure 1. Metabolic pathways for arabinose degradation in prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems [12,13,26,51,76].

Figure 2. Non-phosphorylating, Dahms and Weimberg routes for arabinose metabolism [13,58].

Figure 3. Metabolic pathway for production of 1,2,4-butanetriol from arabinose [13,48].

Table 1. Summary of arabinose-based production of biochemicals.

Microorganism	Feedstock	Genotype	Product	Titer (g/L)	Yield (g/g)	Fermentation period (h)	Reference
Candida auringiensis	Arabinose	Wildtype	Arabitol	73.0	–	–	[33]
Candida succiphila	Arabinose	Wildtype		81.0	–	–
Debaryomyces nepalensis	Arabinose	Wildtype		22.7	0.26	120	[29]
Candida entomaea NRRL Y-7785	Arabinose	–		35	0.70	96	[34]
Pichia guilliermondii NRRL Y-2075	Arabinose	–		35.5	0.71	120
Enterobacter cloacae	Arabinose	Wildtype	2,3-Butanediol	34.4	0.34	72	[39]
Enterobacter ludwigii	Arabinose	Random mutant		42.9	0.31	72	[7]
	Crude arabinose^a	Random mutant		35.5	0.29	72
Escherichia coli	Arabinose	↑araD ↑adhP ↑kivD ↑aDG ΔyiaE ΔycdW ΔyagE	1,2,3-Butanetriol	2.2	0.11	48	[48]
Klebsiella oxytoca	Arabinose	↑adhB↑pdc	Ethanol	27.2	0.34	–	[55]
Escherichia coli	Arabinose	Δpfl Δldh		44.4	0.46	70	[56]
Saccharomyces cerevisiae	Arabinose	↑araA↑araB↑araD↑TAL1↑TKL1↑RPE1↑RKI1		8.9	0.43	70	[20]
	Arabinose + glucose (1:1)	↑araA↑araB↑araD↑TAL1↑TKL1↑RPE1↑RKI1		17.0	0.42	70
Saccharomyces cerevisiae	Arabinose	↑araA↑araB↑araD↑GAL2		9.0	0.39	150	[54]
E. coli	Arabinose	↑dte↑rhaB↑rhaD↑fucO ΔaldA ΔaraB	Ethylene glycol	20.0	0.38	∼120	[58]
Lactobacillus plantarum	Arabinose	↑tkt ΔldhL1Δxpk1	d-Lactic acid	38.6	0.82	27	[64]
Escherichia coli	Arabinose + glycerol (∼2:1)	↑araA↑dpe↑lxrΔaraBΔaraDΔlyxK	Xylitol	14.5	0.95	30	[68]
Corynebacterium glutamicum	Arabinose + glucose + xylose (1:1:1)	↑xr ↑araA↑dpe↑lxr		31.0	–	12	[69]
	Pre-treated sorghum liquor (arabinose + glucose + xylose) (1:1:1)	↑xr ↑araA↑dpe↑lxr		27.0	–	12

(↑) Gene over-expression; (Δ) gene knockout; genes encoding for enzymes, araD: D/l-ribulose-5-phosphate-4-epimerase; araA: l-arabinose isomerase; araB: l-ribulokinase; dte: d-tagatose-3-epimerase; dpe: d-psicose-3-epimerase; TAL1: transaldolase; lxr: l-xylulose reductase; xr: xylose reductase; pfl: pyruvate formate lyase; ldh: lactate dehydrogenase; TKL/tkt: transketolase; adhP/kivD/aDG: aldehyde reductase; GAL2: galactose permease; yiaE/ycdW: glyoxylate reductase; yagE: 2-keto-3-deoxy-d-arabinonate aldolase; RPE: l-ribulose-5-phosphate 4-epimerase; RKI1: ribose-5-phosphate isomerase; fucO: l-1,2-propanediol oxidoreductase; xpk: xylulose-5-P phosphoketolase; rhaA: rhamnose isomerase; rhaB: rhamnulose kinase; rhaD: rhamnulose 1-phosphate aldolase; lyxK: l-xylulokinase.

^a Arabinose rich hydrolysate from sugar beet pulp; the values in the parenthesis indicate ratio of carbon sources in case of multiple sugars.

Figure 4. Biochemical route for production of 2,3-butanediol [7].

Figure 5. Biosynthetic pathways for production of ethylene glycol and glycolic acid from d- and l-arabinose [13,58].

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