Exploring the drug resistance mechanism of active site, non-active site mutations and their cooperative effects in CRF01_AE HIV-1 protease: molecular dynamics simulations and free energy calculations

Abstract

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease is essential for virus replication and maturation and has been considered as one of the important drug target for the antiretroviral treatment of HIV infection. The majority of HIV infections are caused due to non-B subtypes in developing countries. Subtype AE is spreading rapidly and infecting huge population worldwide. Understanding the interdependence of active and non-active site mutations in conferring drug resistance is crucial for the development effective inhibitors in subtype AE protease. In this work, we have investigated the mechanism of resistance against indinavir (IDV) due to therapy selected active site mutation V82F, non-active site mutations PF82V and their cooperative effects PV82F in subtype AE-protease using molecular dynamics simulations and binding free energy calculations. The simulations suggested all the three complexes lead to decrease in binding affinity of IDV, whereas the PF82V complex resulted in an enhanced binding affinity compared to V82F and PV82F complexes. Large positional deviation of IDV was observed in V82F complex. The preservation of hydrogen bonds of IDV with active site Asp25/Asp25′ and flap residue Ile50/50′ via a water molecule is crucial for effective binding. Owing to the close contact of 80s loop with Ile50′ and Asp25, the alteration between residues Thr80 and Val82, further induces conformational change thereby resulting in loss of interactions between IDV and the residues in the active site cavity, leading to drug resistance. Our present study shed light on the effect of active, non-active site mutations and their cooperative effects in AE protease.

Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

Keywords:

• HIV-1 protease
• indinavir
• subtype AE
• non-active site mutations
• active site mutations
• resistance mechanism

Acknowledgements

RT and CSV are grateful to the management of VIT University to carry out this study.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Additional information

Funding

PM thanks the Department of Science and Technology (DST)-Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), New Delhi, for financial assistance through the Fast-Track (YSS/2015/000955) project and IIIT for support.