Phytochemical composition, anti-microbial, anti-oxidant and anti-diabetic effects of Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav. leaves: in vitro and in silico assessments

Abstract

The aim of this study was to screen the chemical components of Solanum elaeagnifolium leaves and assess their therapeutic attributes with regard to their antioxidant, antibacterial, and antidiabetic activities. The antidiabetic effects were explored to determine the α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory potential of the leaf extract. To identify the active antidiabetic drugs from the extracts, the GC-MS-screened molecules were docked with diabetes-related proteins using the glide module in the Schrodinger Tool. In addition, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed for 100 ns to evaluate the binding stability of the docked complex using the Desmond module. The ethyl acetate had a significant total phenolic content (TPC), with a value of 79.04 ± 0.98 mg/g GAE. The ethanol extract was tested for its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for its bacteriostatic properties. It suppressed the growth of B. subtilis, E. coli, P. vulgaris, R. equi and S. epidermis at a dosage of 118.75 µg/mL. Moreover, the IC50 values of the ethanol extract were determined to be 17.78 ± 2.38 in the α-amylase and and 27.90 ± 5.02 µg/mL in α-glucosidase. The in-silico investigation revealed that cyclolaudenol achieved docking scores of −7.94 kcal/mol for α-amylase. Likewise, the α-tocopherol achieved the docking scores of −7.41 kcal/mol for glycogen phosphorylase B and −7.21 kcal/mol for phosphorylase kinase. In the MD simulations, the cyclolaudenol and α-tocopherol complexes exhibited consistently stable affinities with diabetic proteins throughout the trajectory. Based on these findings, we conclude that this plant could be a good source for the development of novel antioxidant, antibacterial, and antidiabetic agents.

Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

Keywords:

• Antidiabetic
• antioxidant
• bacteriostatic
• molecular docking
• secondary metabolites
• Solanum elaeagnifolium

Acknowledgement

Dr.T. Francis Xavier wish to thank Rev.Dr.S. Peter SJ (former Secretary), Rev.Dr. K. Amal SJ, Secretary, Rev.Dr. M. Arockiasamy Xavier SJ, Principal, St. Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli for providing laboratory facilities to carry out this research work. The authors express their sincere appreciation to the Researchers Supporting Project No.: RSPD2023R696, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by Researchers Supporting Project Number (RSPD2023R696), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.