Hybrid entrepreneurship: a systematic literature review

Abstract

Hybrid entrepreneurship describes the engagement in self-employment activity while simultaneously holding a primary job in waged work. Because this phenomenon has received increasing scholarly attention in recent years, this study offers a first systematic literature review and uncovers both consensus and contradictions in the existing literature. Specifically, 43 papers were analyzed with respect to bibliographical information, research design and key results. We find that there is a missing consensus in applied nomenclatures, criteria and conception of hybrid entrepreneurship and a delineation of hybrid entrepreneurship from related concepts. As a result, alternative terminology is used to label the same phenomenon by different authors. Together, our study increases understanding of hybrid entrepreneurship by providing a holistic perspective of the phenomena and by offering avenues for future research.

RÉSUMÉ

L’entrepreneuriat hybride décrit l’engagement dans une activité indépendante tout en occupant simultanément un emploi principal salarié. Ce phénomène ayant fait l’objet d’une attention croissante de la part des chercheurs ces dernières années, cette étude propose une première revue systématique de la littérature et met en lumière à la fois des consensus et des contradictions relevés dans la littérature existante. Plus précisément, 43 articles ont été analysés relativement aux informations bibliographiques, à la conception de la recherche et aux principaux résultats. Nous constatons qu’il manque un consensus dans les nomenclatures appliquées, les critères et la conception d’un entrepreneuriat hybride, et une délimitation des hybrides à partir des concepts connexes. En conséquence, une terminologie alternative est utilisée pour que le même phénomène puisse être désigné par différents auteurs. Ensemble, notre étude nous permet de mieux comprendre l’entrepreneuriat hybride en offrant une perspective holistique du phénomène et en proposant des pistes pour les futures recherches.

Keywords:

• Hybrid entrepreneurship
• part-time entrepreneurship

Mots-clés:

• Hybride
• entrepreneuriat
• temps partiel

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Cemre Demir

Cemre Demir is an doctorial candidate at Siegen University. She is currently researching the antecedents and outcomes in the context of hybrid entrepreneurship.

Arndt Werner

Arndt Werner is Professor for SME Management and Entrepreneurship at Siegen University. His current research interests include succession in family SMEs, academic entrepreneurship and corrupt behaviour in SMEs.

Sascha Kraus

Sascha Kraus is Full Professor for Entrepreneurship at Durham University Business School. His main research areas are Strategy, Internationalization, Entrepreneurship and Innovation.

Paul Jones

Paul Jones is Professor of Entrepreneurship and Innovation at Swansea University's School of Management. His research interests include Entrepreneurial behaviour, small business management and information technology deployment.