Do High-Choice Media Environments Facilitate News Avoidance? A Longitudinal Study 1997–2016

Figures & data

Figure 1. Proportion of news avoiders, with and without internet news, Norway, 1997–2016

Figure 2. Proportion of news avoiders by gender, Norway, 1997–2016

Figure 3. Proportion of news avoiders by education level, Norway, 1997–2016

Figure 4. Proportion of news avoiders by age group, Norway, 1997–2016

Figure 5. News consumption patterns, Norway, 2001–2016

Table A1. Time series analyses of news avoidance, Norway 1997–2016

	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4	Model 5
Time (Continuous)	.102^aa	.12^a	.098^aa	.169^aa	.632^**
	(.035)	(.055)	(.130)	(.054)	(.125)
Age		−3.121^aa	−3.196^aa
		(.226)	(.437)
Education				−4.022^aa	−1.691^**
				(.375)	(.669)
Time × Age			.008 (.039)
Time × Education					−.232^** (.058)
Constant	7.11^aa	16.219^aa	16.445^aa	15.098^aa	10.435^**
	(.391)	(.915)	(1.450)	(975)	(1.445)
R^2 (adjusted)	.28	.66	.66	.70	.77
N	19	99		53	53

Note. Standard errors in parentheses.

^*p < .05, **p < .01.

Figure A1. Proportion using only the internet as a news source, by age, 2001–2016

Table 1. The effect of time, gender, age, and education on news avoidance 1997–2016 OLS regression

	Including Internet news					Without Internet news
	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
Cons	.071** (.003)	.167** (.009)	.170** (.009)	.208** (.014)	.144** (.013)	.025 (013)	.228** (.021)	.075** (.025)
Time	.001** (.000)	.002** (.000)	.001* (.000)	.001 (.001)	.004** (.000)	.014** (.002)	.016** (.002)	.030** (.002)
Gender		.029** (.003)	.025** (.006)	.030** (.003)	.030** (.003)		.020** (.003)	.021** (.003)
Age		−.002** (.000)	−.002** (.000)	−.003 (.000)	−.003 (.000)		−.006** (.001)	−.001** (.000)
Education^a
Middle		-.048** (.007)	−.048** (.007)	−.048** (.007)	−.027 (.014)		−.056** (.010)	−.044** (.008)
High		−.083** (.008)	−.084** (.008)	−.084** (.008)	−.049** (.013)		−.098** (.010)	−.086** (.008)
Time × Gender			.000 (.001)
Time × Age				.000 (.000)				−.001** (.000)
Time × Education
Middle					−.002 (.001)
High					−003** (.001)
R^2	.00	.04	.04	.04	.04	.05	.14	.16
N	32,756	29,025	29,025	29,025	29,025	32,756	29,025	29,025

Note. The dependent variable is news avoidance (0 = consume news; 1 = not consume news).

All models were run with clustered standard errors for time.

^aLow education is the reference category.

Education was not included in 1998 and 2005, and therefore, the data from these years are not included in Models 2–5, 7, and 8.

**p < .01, *p < .05.