References
- Aalberg, T., Blekesaune, A., & Elvestad, E. (2013). Media choice and informed democracy: Toward increasing news consumption gaps in Europe? International Journal of Press/Politics, 18(3), 281–303. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161213485990
- Ariely, D., & Norton, M. I. (2008). How action create—not just reveal—preferences. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12(1), 13–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2007.10.008
- Benesch, C. (2012). An empirical analysis of the gender gap in news consumption. Journal of Media Economics, 25(3), 147–167. https://doi.org/10.1080/08997764.2012.700976
- Bergström, A., Strömbäck, J., & Arkhede, S. (2019). Towards rising inequalities in newspaper and television news consumption? A longitudinal analysis, 2000–2016. European Journal of Communication, 34(2), 175–189. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323119830048
- Blekesaune, A., Elvestad, E., & Aalberg, T. (2012). Tuning out the world of news and current affairs: An empirical study of Europe’s disconnected citizens. European Sociological Review, 28(1), 110–126. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcq051
- Chyi, H. I., & Lee, A. M. (2013). Online news consumption. Digital Journalism, 1(2), 194–211. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2012.753299
- De Waal, E., & Schoenbach, K. (2010). News sites’ position in the mediascape: Uses, evaluations and media displacement effects over time. New Media & Society, 12(3), 477–496. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1461444809341859
- Easley, D., & Kleinberg, J. (2010). Networks, crowds, and markets: Reasoning about a highly connected world. Cambridge University Press.
- Edgerly, S. (2019). Your media environment vs. mine: Differences in how news avoiders and seekers make sense of the high-choice media environment [Paper presentation]. 69th Annual ICA Conference, Washington, DC.
- Esser, F., & Steppat, D. (2017). News media use: International comparative research. In P. Rössler, C. A. Hoffner, & L. Zoonen (Eds.), The international encyclopedia of media effects.New Jerse: John Wiley & Sons, Inc
- Gorskia, L. E., & Thomas, F. (2019). Staying tuned or tuning out? A two-phased longitudinal analysis of news-seekers and news-avoiders in Europe [ Unpublished manuscript].
- Habermas, J. (2006). Political communication in media society: Does democracy still enjoy an epistemic dimension? The impact of normative theory on empirical research 1. Communication Theory, 16(4), 411–426. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2006.00280.x
- Hillygus, D. S. (2005). The missing link: Exploring the relationship between higher education and political behavior. Political Behavior, 27(1), 25–47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-005-3075-8
- Huang, E. (2009). The causes of youths’ low news consumption and strategies for making youths happy news consumers. Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies, 15(1), 105–122. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354856508097021
- Karlsen, R., Beyer, A., & Steen-Johnsen, K. (2019, September). Opportunity structures, news-finds-me beliefs, and general political knowledge: Conditions for learning about politics on social media [Paper presentation]. International Journal of Press/Politics Conference 2019, Loughborough, England.
- Kayany, J. M., & Yelsma, P. (2000). Displacement effects of online media in the socio-technical contexts of households. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 44(2), 215–229. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15506878jobem4402_4
- Ksiazek, T., Malthouse, E., & Webster, J. G. (2010). News-seekers and avoiders: Exploring patterns of total news consumption across media and the relationship to civic participation. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 54(4), 551–568. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2010.519808
- Lekles, Y., Sood, G., & Iyeanger, S. (2017). The hostile audience: The effect of access to broadband internet on partisan affect. American Journal of Political Science, 61(1), 5–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12237
- Luskin, R. C. (1990). Explaining political sophistication. Political Behavior, 12(4), 331–361. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00992793
- McCombs, M., Holbert, R. L., Kiousis, S., & Wanta, W. (2011). The news and public opinion: Media effects on civic life. Polity.
- Napoli, P. M. (1999). Deconstructing the diversity assessment: An audience-centered approach. Journal of Communication, 49(4), 7–34. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1999.tb02815.x
- Napoli, P. M. (2011). Exposure diversity reconsidered. Journal of Information Policy, 1, 246–259. https://doi.org/10.5325/jinfopoli.1.2011.0246
- Neuman, W. R. (2016). The digital difference: Media technology and the theory of communication effects. Harvard University Press.
- Newell, J., Pilotta, J. J., & Thomas, J. C. (2008). Mass media displacement and saturation. The International Journal on Media Management, 10(4), 131–138. https://doi.org/10.1080/14241270802426600
- Newman, N., Fletcher, R., Kalogeropoulos, A., & Nielsen, R. K. (2019). Reuters Institute digital news report 2019. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism.
- Norris, P. (2000). The virtuous circle: Political communication in post-industrialized societies. Cambridge University Press.
- Panek, E. (2016). High-choice revisited: An experimental analysis of the dynamics of news selection behavior in high-choice media environments. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 93(4), 836–856. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699016630251
- Pool, I. S. (1990). Technologies without borders. On telecommunications in a global age. Harvard University Press.
- Prior, M. (2007). Post-broadcast democracy. How media choice increases inequality in political involvement and polarizes elections. Cambridge University Press.
- Prior, M. (2018). Hooked. How politics captures people’s interest. Cambridge University Press.
- Schiro, E. (2019). Norsk Mediebarometer 2018. Norwegian Statistics.
- Shehata, A., & Strömbäck, J. (2018). Learning political news from social media: Network media logic and current affairs news learning in a high-choice media environment. Communication Research. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650217749354
- Shehata, A., Wadbring, I., & Hopmann, D. N. (2015, May). A longitudinal analysis of news avoidance over three decades: From public service monopoly to smartphones [Paper presentation]. International Communication Association Conference, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
- Skovsgård, M., & Andersen, K. (2020). Conceptualizing news avoidance: Towards a shared understanding of different causes and potential solutions. Journalism Studies, 21(4), 459–476. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2019.1686410
- Slovic, P. (1995). The construction of preference. American Psychologist, 50(5), 364–371. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.50.5.364
- Strömbäck, J. (2017). News seekers, news avoiders, and the mobilizing effects of election campaigns: Comparing election campaigns for the national and the European parliaments. International Journal of Communication, 11, 237–258. 1932–8036/20170005
- Strömbäck, J., Djerf-Pierre, M., & Shehata, A. (2013). The dynamics of political interest and news media consumption: A longitudinal perspective. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 25(4), 414–435. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/eds018
- Sundet, V. S., Ihlebæk, K. A., & Steen-Johnsen, K. (2019). Policy windows and converging frames: A longitudinal study of digitalization and media policy change. Media, Culture & Society. 42(5), 711-726.
- Syvertsen, T., Enli, G., Mjøs, O., & Moe, H. (2014). The media welfare state: Nordic media in the digital era. University of Michigan Press. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0163443719867287
- Taneja, H., Webster, J. G., Malthouse, E. C., & Ksiazek, T. B. (2012). Media consumption across platforms: Identifying userdefined repertoires. New Media & Society, 14(6), 951–968. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444811436146
- Taneja, H., Wu, A. X., & Edgerly, S. (2018). Rethinking the generational gap in online news use: An infrastructural perspective. New Media & Society, 20(5), 1792–1812. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444817707348
- Trilling, D., & Schönbach, K. (2013). Skipping current affairs: The non-users of online and offline news. European Journal of Communication, 28(1), 35–51. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323112453671
- Van Aelst, P., Strömbäck, J., Aalberg, T., Esser, F., & Stanyer, J. (2017). Political communication in a high-choice media environment: A challenge for democracy? Annals of the International Communication Association, 1(1), 3–27.
- Van den Bulck, J. (2006). Television news avoidance: Exploratory results from a one-year follow-up study. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 50(2), 231–252. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15506878jobem5002_4
- Webster, J. G. (2005). Beneath the veneer of fragmentation. Television audience polarization in a multichannel world. Journal of Communication, 55(2), 366–382. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2005.tb02677.x
- Webster, J. G. (2014). The marketplace of attention. How audiences take shape in a digital age. MIT Press.
- Webster, J. G., & Ksiazek, T. B. (2012). The dynamics of audience fragmentation: Public attention in an age of digital media. Journal of Communication, 62(1), 39–56. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2011.01616.x
- Ytre-Arne, B., & Moe, H. (2018). Approximately informed, occasionally monitorial? Reconsidering normative citizen ideals. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 23(2), 227–246. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161218771903