The importance of teacher-student relationships in classrooms with ‘difficult’ students: a multi-level moderation analysis of nine Berlin secondary schools

Figures & data

Table 1. Student characteristics

Variable	%
At least one parent has a Bachelor’s degree	55
100+ books at home	48
At least 3 computers at home	44
Male	46
Internalising psychosocial difficulties	10
Internalising psychosocial difficulties	9
Non-EU family background	39

Table 2. Relationships*psychosocial difficulties interaction terms as predictors of student outcomes

	Model A	Model B	Model C	Model D	Model E	Model F
Dependent Variables:	Efficacy	Purpose	Enjoy Learn	Connect	Anger	Academ. Insec.
Interaction Terms
TSR Climate * Ext. PSD	0.598	1.377***	0.631	0.929**	-0.146	-0.0377
	(0.460)	(0.368)	(0.452)	(0.285)	(0.488)	(0.151)
TSR Climate * Int. PSD	-0.488	0.0650	-0.0790	0.322^+	-0.748**	0.827***
	(0.339)	(0.216)	(0.305)	(0.170)	(0.271)	(0.116)
T Emotional Trust * Ext. PSD	0.0633	0.266	0.0706	0.716**	0.282	0.973***
	(0.604)	(0.319)	(0.450)	(0.248)	(0.409)	(0.169)
T Emotional Trust * Int. PSD	-0.725	0.190	0.264	0.136	-1.502**	2.205***
	(0.844)	(0.435)	(0.550)	(0.334)	(0.567)	(0.198)
ST Identification * Ext. PSD	-0.679	-1.864***	-0.357	-1.614***	0.357	-1.986***
	(0.672)	(0.442)	(0.666)	(0.368)	(0.526)	(0.220)
ST Identification * Int. PSD	0.831	0.0887	-0.00188	0.112	1.210^+	-3.020***
	(1.008)	(0.571)	(0.840)	(0.443)	(0.732)	(0.236)
Independent Variables
TSR Climate	0.203	0.973***	0.226	0.683***	-0.0619	0.308***
	(0.273)	(0.210)	(0.301)	(0.164)	(0.258)	(0.0934)
T Emotional Trust	0.00918	0.228	0.174	-0.0879	-0.0715	2.507***
	(0.422)	(0.258)	(0.385)	(0.206)	(0.309)	(0.0956)
TS Identification	-0.279	-0.659	-0.319	-0.0845	0.447	-2.949***
	(0.718)	(0.412)	(0.621)	(0.320)	(0.524)	(0.140)
Externalizing PSD	-0.247	0.123	-0.748**	0.335^+	0.754**	-1.062***
	(0.311)	(0.230)	(0.280)	(0.187)	(0.276)	(0.128)
Internalizing PSD	-0.398	-1.258***	-0.488	-1.154***	0.659*	-0.273**
	(0.354)	(0.274)	(0.386)	(0.231)	(0.336)	(0.0930)
Controls
Instructinoal Quality	0.0177	-0.0579	0.282	0.0220	-0.600*	-0.351***
	(0.276)	(0.212)	(0.339)	(0.167)	(0.264)	(0.0683)
Average SES	-0.218	-0.388*	-0.714*	0.539***	-0.216	1.011***
	(0.236)	(0.189)	(0.321)	(0.155)	(0.198)	(0.0788)
Acc. Grade Average	0.388	0.252	0.552*	0.0489	-0.284	-0.240***
	(0.277)	(0.156)	(0.278)	(0.127)	(0.203)	(0.0486)
Constant	-0.269	-0.0854	-0.219	-0.0266	0.188	-0.180
	(0.157)	(0.146)	(0.220)	(0.128)	(0.136)	(0.284)
Observations	32	30	30	29	30	28
Adjusted R-squared	0.571
Number of groups	-	9	9	9	9	9

Standard errors in parentheses

*** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05, ⁺ p < 0.1

TSR = teacher-student relationships; T = teacher; TS = teacher-student