Young adults with SLD and/or ADHD conscripted for military service: risk, resources, and resilience

Figures & data

Table 1. Means, standard deviations, and f scores of youngsters’ variables by study group.

	Group A: TD (n = 515)		Group B: SLD (n = 157)		Group C: ADHD (n = 132)		Group D: ADHD+SLD (n = 100)
Variable	M	SD	M	SD	M	SD	M	SD	F (3, 884)	Post hoc	η^2
Youngsters’ protective factors
Sense of coherence	4.72	.81	4.75	.78	4.06	.77	4.03	.82	39.96^†	A,B > C,D	.12
Ego-resiliency	3.15	.40	3.21	.40	3.00	.40	2.94	.46	13.32^†	A,B > C,D	.04
Avoidant attachment	3.14	.90	3.20	.93	3.50	.95	3.54	1.01	8.43^†	A,B < C,D	.03
Anxious attachment	3.27	1.10	3.15	1.11	3.97	1.16	3.90	1.16	21.98^†	A,B < C,D	.07
Family cohesion	4.02	.64	4.07	.70	3.72	.76	3.84	.74	9.30^†	A,B > C,D	.03
Family adaptability	2.90	.61	3.04	.60	2.84	.60	2.97	.61	3.05^†	A,B > C,D	.01
Available/accepting commander	5.50	1.12	5.36	1.15	5.00	1.31	4.91	1.41	10.50^†	A > C,D B > D	.03
Rejecting commander	1.68	.99	1.82	.97	2.00	1.05	2.00	1.10	5.10**	A < C,D	.01
Youngsters’ resilience factors
Positive affect	3.80	.63	3.93	.62	3.37	.73	3.45	.77	23.72^†	A,B > C,D	.08
Negative affect	2.11	.61	2.00	.60	2.72	.73	2.76	.82	47.74^†	A,B< C,D	.14
Vocational-institutional satisfaction	3.91	.67	3.98	.65	3.50	.80	3.60	.87	17.35^†	A,B > C,D	.05
Social adaptation	4.12	.68	4.13	.70	3.77	.90	3.95	.81	8.50^†	A,B > C	.03
Commander-rated functioning	4.25	.70	4.11	.77	4.05	.80	3.91	.80	7.62^†	A > C,D	.03

*p < .05; **p < .01; ^†p < .001.

Table 2. Regressions testing contribution of risk and protective factors at the individual, family, and system levels to youngsters’ resilience measures.

Predictors	Youngsters’ resilience and adjustment measures
	Self-reports								Commander-evaluated overall functioning
	Positive affect		Negative affect		Vocational-institutional satisfaction		Social adaptation
	Δ R^2	β	Δ R^2	β	Δ R^2	β	Δ R^2	β	Δ R^2	β
Step 1	.08^†		.14^†		.06^†		.03^†		.03^†
SLD		.07*		−.05		.04		.01		−.07*
ADHD		−.21^†		.28^†		−.20^†		−.16^†		−.10**
Comorbid ADHD+SLD		−.16^†		.27^†		−.13^†		−.07*		−.14^†
Step 2	.38^†		.34^†		.21^†		.33^†		.04^†
SLD		.05*		−.03		.03		−.00		−.07*
ADHD		−.06*		.11^†		−.08*		−.02		−.07*
Comorbid ADHD+SLD		−.00		.11^†		−.02		.07*		−.10**
Sense of coherence		.33^†		−.41^†		.43^†		.23^†		.16^†
Ego-resiliency		.34^†		−.07*		.17^†		.24^†		.08*
Avoidant attachment		−.14^†		.02		−.05		−.28^†		−.08*
Anxious attachment		.00		.22^†		.13^†		−.05		.14^†
Step 3	.02^†		.01^†		.01^†		.02^†		.00
SLD		.05		−.03		.03		−.00		−.07*
ADHD		−.05*		.11^†		−.07*		−.01		−.06
Comorbid ADHD+SLD		−.00		.11^†		−.01		.07*		−.10**
Sense of coherence		.30^†		.39^†		.40^†		.19^†		.15**
Ego-resiliency		.34^†		−.07*		.17^†		.22^†		.09*
Avoidant attachment		−.10^†		−.00		−.02		−.25^†		−.07
Anxious attachment		.00		.21^†		.13^†		−.05		.15^†
Family cohesion		.17^†		−.11^†		.12^†		.15^†		.06
Family adaptability		−.01		.02		−.02		.04		−.03
Step 4	.04^†		.02^†		.15^†		.07^†		.05^†
SLD		.06*		−.04		.05		.01		−.05
ADHD		−.04		.10^†		−.05		.01		−.05
Comorbid ADHD+SLD		.00		.10^†		.02		.09^†		−.08*
Sense of coherence		.25^†		.35^†		.30^†		.13^†		.09*
Ego-resiliency		.31^†		−.07*		.14^†		.20^†		.08*
Avoidant attachment		−.18^†		−.02		.02		−.21^†		−.04
Anxious attachment		−.02		.23^†		.08*		.09**		.12**
Family cohesion		.14^†		−.08**		.06		.10**		.02
Family adaptability		−.02		.01		−.02		.04		−.02
Rejecting commander		.05		.08**		−.05		−.01		−.13^†
Available/accepting commander		.25^†		−.09**		.39^†		.30^†		.15^†
Overall R^2	.52^†		.51^†		.43^†		.45^†		.12^†

*p < .05. **p < .01. ^†p < .001.

Table 3. Correlation matrix of study variables (N = 904).

			1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12
Protective resources	Individual- level	1. Sense of coherence	—
		2. Ego-resiliency	. 51^†	—
		3. Avoidant attachment	−. 37^†	−. 32^†	—
		4. Anxious attachment	−. 64^†	−. 33^†	.25^†	—
	Family- level	5. Family cohesion	.34^†	.23^†	−.31^†	−.23^†	—
		6. Family adaptability	.14^†	.24^†	−.12^†	−.07*	.51^†	—
	System- level	7. Available/accepting commander	. 31^†	.25^†	−.25^†	−.13^†	.27^†	.12^†	—
		8. Rejecting commander	−.27^†	−.09	.21**	.18^†	−.24^†	−.05	−.63^†	—
Resilience and adjustment	Affective	9. Positive affect	. 58^†	.57^†	−.37^†	−.38^†	.38^†	.21^†	.43^†	−.25^†	—
		10. Negative affect	−. 65^†	−.39^†	.27^†	.55^†	−.32^†	−.13^†	−.34^†	.31^†	−.66^†	—
	Occupational	11. Vocational- institutional satisfaction	. 47^†	.37^†	−.24^†	−.24^†	.28^†	.14^†	.55^†	−.39^†	.60^†	−.52^†	—
		12. Social adaptation	. 47^†	.45^†	−.44^†	−.34^†	.37^†	.23^†	.46^†	−.32^†	.64^†	−.47^†	.55^†	—
		13. Commander-evaluated functioning	.17^†	.16^†	−.14^†	−.03	.12^†	−.04	.29^†	−.25^†	.25	−.19^†	.25^†	.24^†

*p < .05, ** p < .01, ^† p < .001.