Evaluation of Toxic Metals in Blood and Urine Samples of Chronic Renal Failure Patients, before and after Dialysis

Figures & data

Table 1 Measurement conditions for electrothermal atomization AAS

Parameter	Al	Cd	Pb
Lamp current (mA)	10	7.5	7.5
Wave length (nm)	309	228.8	283.3
Slit width (nm)	0.7	1.3	1.3
Cuvette	Tube	Cup	Cup
Common parameters
Sample volume = 10μL analyte +10 μL corresponding modifiers
Background correction = D2 lamp
Carrier gas argon = 200 mL/min

Table 2 Characteristic study of subjects

	Patients n = 100	Controls n = 150
Age	25–55	25–55
Median		(32.0)
Occupation
Agricultural	20 (36)	30 (20)
Fishing	15 (27)	25 (17)
Construction	20 (36)	25 (17)
Industry workers	45 (81)	70 (47)
Smoking habit	100 %	40% smokers

Values in parenthesis is percent of total subjects.

Table 3 Determination of toxic elements (TEs) in certified blood and urine samples using conventional (CAD) and microwave-assisted acid digestion (MAD)

TEs	Certified values	CAD	MAD	Paired t test,tExperimental	% Recovery
Blood (μg/L)
Al	—	221 ± 20.6	215 ± 16.7	0.0622	97.5
Cd	1.2 ± 0.4	1.2 ± 0.065	1.19 ± 0.054	0.0456	99
Pb	105 ± 24	104 ± 5.8	103 ± 5.5	0.127	98
Urine (μg/L)
Al	—	4.65 ± 0.45	4.60 ± 0.35	0.140	98.8
Cd	11.8 ± 2.5	11.8 ± 0.74	11.8 ± 0.77	0.061	99.4
Pb	41 ± 9.9	40.9 ± 2.87	40.5 ± 2.79	0.134	99.0

*Paired t-test between MAD versus CAD, degree of freedom 4 = (n −1).

t_Critical at 95% CL = 2.23.

Table 4 Biochemical parameters of chronic renal failure patients (before (BHD) and after hemodialysis (AHD)) and controls

Parameters	Normal range	Healthy controls	Pre-dialysis	Post-dialysis
Hemoglobin (g/dL)	12–18	11.67 ± 0.67	8.12 ± 0.91	7.55 ± 0.87
Creatinine (mg/dL)	0.6–1.3	0.95 ± 0.056	1.50 ± 1.11	0.98 ± 0.055
Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL)	7–18	12.34 ± 1.23	16.5 ± 1.6	14.2 ± 1.2
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	140–310	182.3 ± 12.3	155 ± 23.5	142 ± 19.3
Triglyceride (mg/dL)	35–106	102.3 ± 54.4	140 ± 12.3	120 ± 10.4
High-density lipoprotein (mg/dL)	27–89	50.5 ± 4.12	30.12 ± 6.11	45.7 ± 4.3
Creatinine clearance (mL/min)	28–31.5	29.7 ± 1.56	36.6 ± 2.51	33.5 ± 2.42

Table 5 Toxic elements (TEs) in blood and urine samples of controls and chronic renal failure patients (CRFPs)

TEs	Controls		CRFPs
	Non-smokers	Smokers	Before dialysis	After dialysis
Whole blood (μg/L)
Al	113 ± 8.9	182 ± 15.3	302 ± 19.5	220 ± 25.1
Cd	1.44 ± 0.8	2.47 ± 1.4	6.22 ± 1.24	4.07 ± 1.53
Pb	182 ± 10.2	214 ± 12.2	347 ± 34.2	237 ± 13.5
Urine (μg/L)
Al	2.04 ± 0.80	5.05 ± 0.43	11.5 ± 6.5	—
Cd	3.86 ± 1.40	6.37 ± 1.24	10.0 ± 3.8	—
Pb	2.43 ± 0.63	5.19 ± 1.32	9.71 ± 4.6	—