Evaluation of Toxic Metals in Blood and Urine Samples of Chronic Renal Failure Patients, before and after Dialysis

REFERENCES

• USRDS. Annual Data Report: Atlas of end-stage renal disease in the United States. National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Md 2006
   Google Scholar
• Richard MJ, Arnoud J, Jurkovitz C, Hachache T, Meftabi H, Laporte F. Trace elements and lipid peroxidation abnormalities in patients with chronic renal failure. Nephron. 1991; 57: 10–15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soylak M, Elçi L, Dogan M. Determination of some trace metals in dialysis solutions by atomic absorption spectrometry after preconcentration. Anal Lett. 1993; 26: 1997–2007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roels HA, Hoet P, Lison D. Usefulness of biomarkers of exposure to inorganic mercury, lead, or cadmium in controlling occupational and environmental risks of nephrotoxicity. Ren Fail. 1999; 21: 251–262
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soylak M, Uzun A, Elçi L. Sorbent extraction of copper, lead, nickel and cadmium ions in dialysis concentrates before their atomic absorption spectrometric determinations. Trace Elem Electroly. 2002; 19: 15–19
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madden EF, Fowler BA. Mechanisms of nephrotoxicity from metal combinations: A review. Drug Chem Toxicol. 2000; 23: 1–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reilly PEB, Williams DJ, Moore MR. A global perspective on cadmium pollution and toxicity in non-occupationally-exposed population. Toxicol Lett. 2003; 137: 65–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wills MR, Savory J. Aluminum and chronic renal failure: Sources, absorption, transport, and toxicity. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 1989; 27: 59–107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeffery EH, Abreo K, Burgess E, Cannata J, Greger JL. Systemic aluminum toxicity: Effects on bone, hematopoietic tissue, and kidney. J Toxicol Env Health. 1996; 48: 649–665
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sargazi M, Shenkin A, Roberts NB. Aluminum-induced injury to kidney proximal tubular cells: Effects on markers of oxidative damage. J Trace Elem Med Bio. 2006; 19: 267–273
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchet JP, Lauwerys R, Roels H, Bernard A, Bruaux P, Claeys F, Oucoffre G, Amery A. Renal effects of cadmium body burden of the general population. Lancet. 1990; 336: 699–702
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueller PW, Price RG, Finn WF. New approaches for detecting thresholds of human nephrotoxicity using cadmium as an example. Environ Health Perspect. 1998; 106: 227–230
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Satarug S, Baker JR, Reilly PEB, Moore MR, Williams DJ. Cadmium levels in the lung, liver, kidney cortex and urine samples from Australians without occupational exposure to metals. Arch Environ Health. 2002; 57: 69–77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiba M, Masironi R. Toxic and trace elements in tobacco and tobacco. World Health Org. 1992; 70: 269–275
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (WHO). Tobacco or health: A global status report. WHO, Geneva 1997
   Google Scholar
• Adamu CA, Bell PF, Mulchi CL, Chaney RL. Residual metal levels in soils and leaf accumulations in tobacco a decade following farmland application of municipal sludge. Environ Pollut. 1989; 56: 113–126
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sisman AR, Bulbul M, Coker C, Onvural B. Cadmium exposure in tobacco workers: Possible renal effects. J Trace Elem Med Bio. 2003; 17(1)51–55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarup L, Persson B, Elinder CG. Blood cadmium as an indicator of dose in a long-term follow-up of workers previously exposed to cadmium. Scand J Work Environ Health. 1997; 23: 31–36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landsberger S, Wu D. The impact of heavy metals from environmental tobacco smoke on indoor air quality as determined by Compton suppression neutron activation analysis. Sci Total Environ. 1995; 173: 323–337
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stohs SJ, Bagchi D, Bagchi M. Toxicity of trace elements in tobacco smoke. Inhal Toxicol. 1997; 9: 867–890
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarup L, Berglund M, Elinder CG. Health effects of cadmium exposure: A review of the literature and a risk estimate. Scand J Work Environ Health. 1998; 24: 1–51
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Skerfving S, Gerhardsson L, Schutz A. Lead—biological monitoring of exposure and effects. J Trace Elem Exp Med. 1998; 11: 289–301
   Google Scholar
• Elrich R, Robin T, Jordan E, Millar S, Mbuli S, Selby P, Wynehank S, Contrell A, Debroe M, Tood A, Landrigon P. Lead absorption and renal dysfunction in a south African battery factory. Occup Environ Med. 1998; 55: 453–460
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fels LM, Wunsch M, Baranowski J, Norska-Borawka I, Price RG, Taylor SA. Adverse effects of chronic low level lead exposure on kidney function—a risk group study in children. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1998; 13: 2248–2256
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pohaska C, Pomazal K, Steffan I. ETAAS method for the determination of Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn and Se in blood fractions and whole blood. Fresen J Anal Chem. 2000; 368: 627–632
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Memon AR, Kazi TG, Afridi HI, Jamali MK, Arain MB, Jalbani N, Syed N. Evaluation of zinc status in whole blood and scalp hair of female cancer patients. Clin Chim Acta. 2007; 379: 66–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Afridi HI, Kazi TG, Kazi GH, Jamali MK, Arain MB, Jalbani N. Analysis of heavy metals in scalp hair samples of hypertensive patients by conventional and microwave digestion methods. Spectrosc Lett. 2006; 39: 203–214
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kazi TG, Afridi HI, Kazi GH, Jamali MK, Arain MB, Jalbani N. Evaluation of essential and toxic metals by ultrasound-assisted acid leaching from scalp hair samples of children with macular degeneration patients. Clin Chim Acta. 2006; 369: 52–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thun MJ, Osorio AM, Schober S, Hannon WH. Nephropathy in cadmium workers: Assessment of risk from airborne occupational exposure to cadmium. Br J Ind Med. 1989; 46: 689–697
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lauwerys R, Bernard A, Roels H, Buchet JP. Cadmium: Exposure markers as predictors of nephrotoxic effects. Clin Chem. 1994; 40: 1391–1394
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarup L, Hellstrom T, Alfven T, Carlson M, Grubb A, Persson B, Petersson B, Spang G, Schutz A, Elinder CG. Low level exposure to cadmium and early kidney damage: The OSCAR study. Occup Environ Med. 2000; 57: 668–672
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hung KY, Ho CY, Kuo YM, Hseih SJ, Yang CS, Pang J, Wu DJ, Hung JT, Chen PY, Chen JS, Chen WY. Trace element burden in geriatric hemeodyalysis patients: A prospective multicentre collaborative study. Int J Artif Organ. 1997; 20: 553–556
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin TH, Chen JG, Liaw J, Juang JG. Trace elements and lipid peroxidation in uremic patients on hemodialysis. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1996; 51: 277–283
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurer-Ohran H, Sabir HU, Ozgunes H. Correlation between clinical indicators of lead poisoning and oxidative stress parameters in controls and lead-exposed workers. Toxicology. 2000; 195: 147–154
   Google Scholar
• Garcon G, Leleu B, Zerimech F, Marez T, Haguenoer JM, Furon D. Biological markers of oxidative stress and nephrotoxicity as studied in biomonitoring of adverse effects of occupational exposure to lead and cadmium. J Occup Environ Med. 2004; 46: 1180–1186
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugawara E, Nakamura K, Miyake T, Fukumura A, Seyki Y. Lipid peroxidation and concentration of glutathione in erythrocytes from workers exposed to lead. Br J Ind Med. 1991; 48: 239–242
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jalbani N, Kazi TG, Jamali MK, Arain MB, Afridi HI. Evaluation of aluminum contents in different bakery foods by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometer. J Food Compos Anal. 2007; 20: 226–231
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neiva TJC, Benedetti AL, Santos JI, Damico EA. Determination aluminum, platelet aggregation and lipid peroxidation in hemodialyzed patients of serum. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2002; 35: 345–350
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nesse A, Garbossa G, Stripeikis J, Galvez G, Castro ME, Rizzo N. Aluminium accumulation in chronic renal failure affects erythropoiesis. Nephrology. 1997; 3: 347–351
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellia JP, Newton K, Davenport A, Birchall JD, Roberts NB. Silicon and aluminum and their inter-relationship in serum and urine after renal transplantation. Eur J Clin Invest. 1994; 24: 703–710
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Partanen T, Heikkila P, Hernberg S, Kauppinen T, Moneta G, Ojajarvi A. Renal cell cancer and occupational exposure to chemical agents. Scand J Work Environ Health. 1991; 17: 231–239
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLaughlin JK, Linblad P, Mellengaard A, McCredie M, Mandel JS, Schlehofer B, Pommer W, Adami HO. International renal cell cancer study, I: Tobacco use. Int Cancer. 1995; 60: 194–198
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jamali MK, Kazi TG, Arain MB, Afridi HI, Jalbani N, Memon AR. Heavy metal contents of vegetables grown in soil, irrigated with mixtures of wastewater and sewage sludge in Pakistan, using ultrasonic-assisted pseudodigestion. J Agron Crop Sci. 2007; 193: 218–228
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noonan CW, Sarasua SM, Campagna D, Kathman S, Lybarger JA, Mueller P. Effects of exposure to low levels of environmental cadmium on renal biomarkers. Environ Health Perspect. 2002; 110(2)151–155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellenhorn MJ, Schonwald S, Ordog G, Wasserberger GO. Ellenhorn's Medical Toxicology: Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning 2^nd. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, Md 1997
   Google Scholar
• Loghman-Adham M. Renal effects of environmental and occupational lead exposure. Environ Health Perspect. 1997; 105: 928–939
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim R, Rotnitzky A, Aparrow D. A longitudinal study of low level lead exposure and impairment of renal function: The Normative Aging study. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 1996; 275: 1177–1181
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sukumar A, Subramanian R. Elements in hair and nails of urban residents of New Delhi. CHD, hypertensive and diabetic cases. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1992; 1: 89–97
   Google Scholar
• Arora P, Obrador GT, Ruthazar R. Prevalence, predictors and consequence of late nephrology referral at a tertiary care center. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1999; 10: 1281–1286
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Churchill DN, Taylor DW, Keshaviah PR. Adequacy of dialysis and nutrition in continuous peritoneal dialysis: Association with clinical outcomes. Canada–USA (CANUSA) Peritoneal Dialysis Study Group. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1996; 7: 198–207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leavey SF, Strawderman RL, Jones CA. Simple nutritional indicators as independent predictors of mortality in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 1998; 31: 997–1006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar