Rumination in migraine: Mediating effects of brooding and reflection between migraine and psychological distress

Figures & data

Figure 1. A theoretical model of the mediating effect of brooding and reflection between migraine and current psychological distress.

Table 1. Means, standard deviations (SD) and effect sizes (Cohen’s d) by sample.

	Hungarian sample (N = 1139) Mean (SD)	Manchester sample (N = 2004) Mean (SD)	t (Cohen’s d)
Rumination	1.94 (0.48)	2.21 (0.62)	13.99*** (0.49)
Brooding	1.94 (0.56)	2.26 (0.71)	14.04*** (0.50)
Reflection	1.94 (0.58)	2.17 (0.70)	9.88*** (0.36)
BSI – Depression	0.56 (0.68)	1.04 (0.99)	16.30*** (0.57)
BSI – Anxiety	0.68 (0.70)	0.99 (0.99)	10.10*** (0.36)

Notes: BSI: Brief symptom inventory.

For all scales, a continuous weighted score (sum of item scores divided by the number of items completed) was calculated and used in the analyses.

*** p < .001.

Table 2. Means, standard deviations and effect sizes (Cohen’s d) by sample and migraine status.

	Hungarian sample			Manchester sample
	Migraine group (N = 86)	Control group (N = 656)	t/d (Cohen’s d)	Migraine group (N = 272)	Control Group (N = 1053)	t/d (Cohen’s d)
Rumination	2.18 (0.49)	1.83 (0.46)	6.54*** (0.74)	2.46 (0.60)	2.08 (0.60)	9.33*** (0.63)
Brooding	2.24 (0.59)	1.80 (0.52)	6.66*** (0.79)	2.54 (0.73)	2.10 (0.68)	9.09*** (0.62)
Reflection	2.12 (0.58)	1.87 (0.57)	3.78*** (0.43)	2.38 (0.69)	2.06 (0.71)	6.76*** (0.46)
BSI – Depression	0.96 (1.01)	0.40 (0.53)	5.05*** (0.69)	1.56(1.07)	0.76 (0.84)	11.33*** (0.83)
BSI – Anxiety	1.12 (0.91)	0.50 (0.57)	6.21***(0.81)	1.51 (1.10)	0.70 (0.85)	11.29*** (0.82)

Notes: BSI: Brief symptom inventory.

For all scales, a continuous weighted score (sum of item scores divided by the number of items completed) was calculated and used in the analysis.

*** p < .001.

Table 3. Correlations among scales.

	Rumination	Brooding	Reflection	BSI – Depression	BSI – Anxiety
Rumination	–	0.83	0.85		0.53
Brooding	0.87	–	0.40	0.55	0.56
Reflection	0.87	0.52	–	0.36	0.32
BSI – Depression	0.56	0.62	0.36	–	0.73
BSI – Anxiety	0.53	0.59	0.35	0.80	–

Notes: BSI: Brief symptom inventory.

Above the diagonal correlations among scales in the Manchester sample, and below the diagonal correlations among scales in the Budapest sample are presented. For all scales, a continuous weighted score (sum of item scores divided by the number of items completed) was calculated and used in the analysis. All correlation coefficients are significant at the 0.1 % level (p < .001).

Figure 2. The mediation model and standardised path coefficients. Results of multi-group analysis with factor loadings and path coefficients across both samples (Budapest (N = 742)/Manchester (N = 1325).

Note: All paths are significant at p < .001, except one between reflection and psychological distress in the Manchester sample (standardised path coefficients: 0.02).