Retirement anticipation - gendered patterns in a gender-equal society? a study of senior workers in Norway

Figures & data

Table 1. Distribution on eight items. Respondents age 50–61 in employment. Percent/average

		Fits very well 5	Fits well 4	Neutral 3	Fits poorly 2	Fits very poorly 1	Average Response
I will feel that I have too much time	Women	1	10	20	38	31	2.133
	Men	2	8	31	37	23	2.282
	All	2	9	26	37	26	2.215
I will travel and see the world	Women	12	35	33	15	5	3.348
	Men	8	35	40	13	4	3.293
	All	10	35	37	14	4	3.318
I will spend a lot of time with my family	Women	22	52	22	3	1	3.911
	Men	12	21	38	22	13	3.640
	All	16	50	28	5	1	3.762
I will help my family	Women	15	41	28	13	4	3.502
	Men	10	42	32	10	6	3.389
	All	12	41	31	11	5	3.440
I will work a little for pay	Women	6	25	37	17	14	2.925
	Men	6	37	35	13	8	3.211
	All	6	32	36	15	11	3.083
I will spend more time on hobbies	Women	31	49	17	2	1	4.053
	Men	22	51	25	2	1	3.919
	All	26	50	21	2	1	3.979
I will spend more time on voluntary work	Women	9	34	40	12	5	3.289
	Men	5	26	44	17	8	3.045
	All	7	30	42	15	6	3.155
I will enjoy the freedom	Women	54	36	8	2	0	4.415
	Men	42	45	12	2	0	4.258
	All	47	41	10	2	0	4.328

Table 2. Dependent variables, indices and single items

Dependent variables	Items included
Spend Time with Family (index)	Item 3: I will spend time with my family Item 5: I will help my family by taking care of children, redecoration and other tasks
Spend Time on Hobbies and Volunteering (index)	Item 8: I will spend more time on hobbies Item 9: I will spend more time on voluntary work
Relish Leisure (index)	Item 1: I will feel that I have too much time Item 10: I will enjoy freedom
Travel	Item 2: I will travel and see the world
Work for Pay	Item 5: I will work a little for pay

Item 1 has been inverted so that higher values indicate that the statements fits poorly. We have standardized all indices by adding the scores and dividing the sum by two.

Table 3. Descriptive statistics, dependent variables

	Women		Men		All
	Mean	Std.dev	Mean	Std.dev	Mean	Std.dev
Spend Time with Family	3.706	0.798	3.514	0.787	3.601	0.798
Spend Time on Hobbies and Volunteering	3.671	0.720	3.482	0.700	3.567	0.715
Relish leisure	4.141	0.729	3.988	0.681	4.057	0.707
Travel	4.348	1.032	3.293	0.937	3.318	0.981
Paid work	2.925	1.109	3.211	1.016	3.083	1.068
N	539		710		1,249

Each variable was scored on a five point scale from “1 = Fits poorly” to “5 = Fits very well.” For all variables a higher score indicates greater agreement with the variable.

Table 4. Independent variables in the regression models, run for each of the five dependent variables

Women and men combined (Table 5)
Model 1	Gender
Model 2	Gender + age, children, partner status
Model 3	Gender + age, children, partner status, health
Model 4	Gender + age, children, partner status, health, education, income, working hours, sector of work
Model 5	Gender + age, children, partner status, health, education, income, working hours, sector of work, anticipated time of retirement
Separate for women and men (Tables 6 and 7)
Model 6	Age, children, partner status, health, education, income, working hours, sector of work
Model 7	Age, children, partner status, health, education, income, working hours, sector of work, anticipated time of retirement

Table 5. The effect of gender (men = 0/women = 1) on retirement images: models 1 to 5 (women and men combined). OLS. N = 1,249

	Spend Time with Family		Spend time on Hobbies and Volunteering		Relish leisure		Travel		Paid work
	Coeff.	s.e.	Coeff.	s.e.	Coeff.	s.e.	Coeff.	s.e.	Coeff.	s.e.
Model 1
Estimate	0.192***	0.045	0.188***	0.040	0.153***	0.040	0.054	0.056	−0.285***	0.060
R^2	0.014		0.017		0.010		0.001		0.001
Model 2
Estimate	0.159**	0.040	0.198***	0.041	0.175***	0.041	0.061	0.057	−0.397***	0.061
R^2	0.248		0.022		0.023		0.005		0.010
Model 3
Estimate	0.161***	0.040	0.200***	0.041	0.177***	0.041	0.068	0.018	−0.306***	0.061
R^2	0.249		0.025		0.024		0.035		0.010
Model 4
Estimate	0.157***	0.044	0.167***	0.045	0.197***	0.045	0.142*	0.062	−0.319***	0.067
R^2	0.257		0.055		0.024		0.029		0.028
Model 5
Estimate	0.160***	0.044	0.172***	0.044	0.202***	0.044	0.144*	0.061	−0.319***	0.067
R^2	0.266		0.066		0.054		0.043		0.066

*** p < .001, ** p < .01, * p < .05, (*)p < 0.10

Table 6. The effect of demographic and socioeconomic variables on retirement images: models 6 and 7 (women only). OLS, standard errors in parenthesis. N = 539

	Spend Time with Family		Spend Time on Hobbies and Volunteering		Relish leisure		Travel		Paid work
	Model 6	Model 7	Model 6	Model 7	Model 6	Model 7	Model 6	Model 7	Model 6	Model 7
Age					0.759* (0.360)	0.777* (0.357)
Age squared					−0.007* (0.003)	−0.007* (0.003)
Children (ref: no)
Yes	0.983*** (0.094)	1.018*** (0.095)			−0.208* (0.097)
Married/cohabiting (ref: no)
Yes	0.273*** (0.066)	0.259*** (0.066)			0.183** (0.068)	0.174** (0.067)	0.168(*) (0.096)	0.166(*) (0.096)	−0.233* (0.103)	−0.212* (0.104)
Health (ref: poor)
Good			−0.167(*) (0.097)	−0.168(*) (0.098)
Education (ref: Primary/secondary school)
University, short			0.315*** (0.078)	0.321*** (0.078)
University, long			0.226* (0.104)	0.218* (0.106)					0.289* (0.164)
Income (ref: −399 NOK)
−499,999 NOK					0.169(*) (0.098)
−599,999 NOK			0.233* (0.111)	0.213(*) (0.111)
−699,999 NOK									−0.344(*) (0.198)
700,000 NOK +
Missing
Working hours (ref: 1–36 hours)
37–40 hours
41 hours +	−0.200(*) (0.105)	−0.184(*) (0.105)
Sector of work (ref: Private)
Public									−0.169(*) (0.101)
Anticipated time of retirement (ref: early)
Medium						−0.268** (0.091)		−0.239(*) (0.130)
Late		−0.246* (0.101)				−0.320** (0.103)
Don’t know		−0.219* (0.093)				−0.403*** (0.095)		−0.326* (0.135)
Intercept	3.643	3.741	4.087	3.558	−17.28	−17.318	−16.698	−16.626	14.266	14.415
R^2	0.251	0.263	0.074	0.080	0.047	0.081	0.050	0.061	0.045	0.050

*** p < .001, ** p < .01, * p < .05, (*)p < .10

We included a separate category with the very few observations with missing information on sector of work, but do not show the results.

Table 7. The effect of demographic and socioeconomic variables on retirement images: models 6 and 7 (men only). OLS, standard errors in parenthesis. N = 710

	Spend Time with Family		Spend Time on Hobbies and Volunteering		Relish leisure		Travel		Paid work
	Model 6	Model 7	Model 6	Model 7	Model 6	Model 7	Model 6	Model 7	Model 6	Model 7
Age					0.619* (0.296)	0.617* (0.292)	−0.788* (0.401)	−0.772(*) (0.399)
Age squared					−0.005* (0.003)	−0.006* (0.993)	0.007(*) (0.003)	0.007(*) (0.004)
Children (ref: no)
Yes	0.884*** (0.069)	0.890*** (0.069)
Married/cohabiting (ref: no)
Yes	0.204** (0.063)	0.196** (0.063)
Health (ref: poor)
Good	0.278** (0.088)	0.299*** (0.087)	0.328*** (0.088)	0.344*** (0.088)			0.449*** (0.118)	0.441*** (0.118)
Education (ref: Primary/secondary school)
University, short			0.134(*) (0.070)	0.117(*) (0.070)
University, long			0.285** (0.095)	0.259** (0.095)					0.235(*) (0.140)	0.236(*) (0.141)
Income (ref: −399 NOK)
−499,999 NOK
−599,999 NOK			−0.220(*) (0.115)	−0.249* (0.114)			0.258(*) (0.154)
−699,999 NOK
700,000 NOK +	0.209(*) (0.112)			−0.196(*) (0.113)			0.315* (0.152)	0.299* 80.152)
Missing	0.372* (0.160)	0.375* (0.159)
Working hours (ref: 1–36 hours)
37–40 hours
41 hours +							0.216(*) (0.121)	0.218(*) (0.121)
Sector of work (ref: Private)
Public
Anticipated time of retirement (ref: early)
Medium		−0.175* (0.071)				−0.147* (0.070)				−0.235* (0.106)
Late						−0.248*** (0.081)		−0.268* (0.110)
Don’t know		−0.258** (0.081)		−0.261** (0.081)		−0.364*** (0.080)				−0.213(*) (0.120)
Intercept	−1.234	−0.362	13.98	14.541	−13.682	−16.30	24.655	24.403	22.34	23.215
R^2	0.265	0.281	0.058	0.077	0.022	0.027	0.055	0.066	0.033	0.041

*** p < .001, ** p < .01, * p < .05, (*)p < .10

We included a separate category with the very few observations with missing information on sector of work, but do not show the results.

Table A1. Correlation matrix (PCC) for the eight items on retirement images. People age 50–61 in employment. (N = 1,249)

	Item 1	Item 2	Item 3	Item 5	Item 7	Item 8	Item 9	Item 10
Item 1	1.000
Item 2	0.008	1.000
Item 3	−0.084	0.158	1.000
Item 5	−0.050	0.059	0.555	1.000
Item 7	0.080	0.012	−0.059	0.017	1.000
Item 8	−0.205	0.077	0.171	0.119	0.010	1.000
Item 9	−0.076	0.043	0.166	0.209	0.109	0.301	1.000
Item 10	0.326	−0.167	−0.187	−0.089	0.088	−0.289	−0.048	1.000

Table A2. Descriptive statistics, independent variables. People age 50–61 in employment. Percent/average

	All	Women	Men
Gender
Men	55
Women	45
Age, average (50–61 years)	55.24	55.15	55.33
Children
Yes	84	87	81
No	16	13	19
Married/cohabiting
Yes	71	64	77
No	29	36	23
Health
Poor	11	12	10
Good	89	88	90
Education
Primary/secondary school	67	64	70
University, short	21	23	20
University, long	11	13	10
Income
−399,999 NOK	14	20	8
−499,999 NOK	21	27	16
−599,999 NOK	21	19	22
−699,999 NOK	15	11	17
700,000 NOK +	23	12	32
Missing	7	9	4
Working hours
1–36 hours	22	32	14
37–40 hours	54	52	56
41 hours +	24	17	30
Sector of work
Private	57	43	68
Public	43	56	32
Missing	0	0	0
Anticipated time of retirement
Early	20	19	20
Medium	36	33	39
Late	20	19	21
Don’t know	24	29	21
N	1,249	539	710