Figures & data
Figure 1. Map of South-Norway showing the trial locations in experiment 1 (2013), experiment 2 (2014 and 2015) and experiment 3 (2016).
Table 1. The effect of different insecticides on the density1 of honey bees and bumble bees immediately before spraying (day 0) and 1, 2, 3, 4 and 7 days after spraying in a field trial in Vestfold, Norway, in 2013 (Experiment 1).
Table 2. The effect of different insecticides on the number of weevils (Apions spp. and Hypera nigrirostis) hatched per flower head and seed yield in a field trial in Vestfold, Norway, in 2013 (Experiment 1).
Table 3. Residues of thiacloprid (mg / kg fresh weight) detected in bumble bees (B. terrestris) from sprayed and unsprayed seed crops in SE Norway in 2014.
Table 4. The effect of thiacloprid on bumble bee colony development. Mean values of intact colonies / nests at the pairwise red clover seed crops in Vestfold, Telemark and Buskerud in 2014. Standard errors are given in parentheses.
Table 5. The effect of thiacloprid on bumble bee colony development. Mean values of intact colonies / nests in the pairwise red clover seed crops in Vestfold, Telemark and Buskerud in 2015. Standard errors are given in parentheses.
Figure 2. Weight of bumble bee boxes (g) 0, 2–3, 4–5 and 7 weeks after being set out in unsprayed crops and crops sprayed with thiacloprid in 2015. Bars represent 1 standard error (SE) (n = 25).
Table 6. The effect of thiacloprid on the number of weevils (Apions spp. and Hypera nigrirostis) hatched per flower head and seed yield (kg/ha and mg/seed head) in 2014 and 2015.
Table 7. Residues of thiacloprid (mg / kg fresh weight) detected in bumblebees (B. terrestris) from sprayed and non-sprayed seed fields in SE Norway in 2016.
Figure 3. Weight of bumble bee boxes (g) 0, 2, 4 and 8–9 weeks after being set out in unsprayed crops and in crops sprayed early (before flowering) and late (after start of flowering) with thiacloprid in 2016. Bars represent 1 standard error (SE) (n = 39).
