Antioxidant effect of aromatic volatiles emitted by Lavandula dentata, Mentha spicata, and M. piperita on mouse subjected to low oxygen condition

Figures & data

Fig. 1. The effect of aromatic volatiles on RBC (A) WBC (B) and PLT (C) counts in mice subjected to low oxygen.

Notes: Statistical significance of difference among various treatments is indicated by different small letters (p < 0.05). Standard errors are shown.

Fig. 2. The effect of aromatic volatiles on the MDA content of different mouse tissues under low oxygen.

Notes: Statistical significance of difference in MDA contents among various treatments is indicated by different small letters (p < 0.05). Standard errors are shown.

Table 1. The effect of aromatic volatiles on SOD, GPX, and CAT activities in different mouse tissues under low oxygen.

Tissue	Enzyme	Activity/U·mg^−1 protein
		Control	Low oxygen
			No plant	L. dentata	M. spicata	M. piperita
Liver	SOD	207.47 ± 4.06 b	324.95 ± 3.36 a	337.65 ± 4.41 a	328.77 ± 8.82 a	327.98 ± 2.07 a
	GPX	521.19 ± 26.98 c	886.07 ± 60.81 b	951.90 ± 46.05 a	924.42 ± 7.40 a	889.42 ± 19.21 b
	CAT	23.97± 3.60 d	55.49 ± 2.28 c	79.33 ± 7.43 a	69.60 ± 0.42 b	83.37 ± 5.57 a
Kidney	SOD	49.34 ± ± 2.06 c	158.43 ± 6.10 b	202.78 ± 3.83 a	206.90 ± 5.21 a	198.90 ± 7.68 a
	GPX	76.40 ± 26.98 b	279.64 ± 5.44 a	313.28 ± 25.66 a	294.79 ± 11.71 a	283.79 ± 22.34 a
	CAT	11.38 ± 0.87 c	22.23 ± 1.74 b	33.42 ± 0.58 a	25.30 ± 0.67 b	24.32 ± 0.39 b
Brain	SOD	58.29 ± 2.31 c	110.34 ± 2.17 b	125.23 ± 1.98 a	119.52 ± 3.25 a	120.81 ± 1.08 a
	GPX	167.34 ± 9.47 c	228.47 ± 10.86 b	264.97 ± 10.02 a	252.64 ± 7.85 a	231.31 ± 34.38 b
	CAT	0.55 ± 0.02 b	0.65 ± 0.02 a	0.73 ± 0.08 a	0.69 ± 0.06 a	0.71 ± 0.05 a
Whole blood	SOD	2629.42 ± 132.52 d	8525.76 ± 255.35 c	10,797.57 ± 264.14 a	10,961.61 ± 338.01 a	9230.37 ± 492.42 b
	GPX	167.37 ± 29.44 d	497.76 ± 37.08 c	597.64 ± 51.13 a	520.16 ± 46.72 bc	547.81 ± 39.94 b
	CAT	3.45 ± 0.22 c	10.82 ± 0.65 b	13.71 ± 0.58 a	11.12 ± 0.73 b	11.25 ± 0.43 b

Notes: Statistically significant difference in enzyme activities among various treatments in the same tissue is indicated by different small letters (p < 0.05). Standard errors are shown.

Fig. 3. The effect of aromatic volatiles on the gene expressions of SOD, GPX, and CAT in different mouse tissues under low oxygen.

Notes: (A) liver; (B) kindney; (C) brain. Statistical significance of difference in gene expressions among various treatments is indicated by different small letters (p < 0.05). Standard errors are shown.

Table 2. The main components and release amounts of aromatic volatiles emitted from L. dentata, M. spicata, and M. piperita.

Group of compound	Component	Key m/z value	Release amount (μg·h^−1)
			L. dentata	M. spicata	M. piperita
Aliphatic compound	1,2-Dichloroethane	27, 49, 62, 64, 98	—	2.84 ± 0.08	—
	1-Butanol	27, 31, 41, 56, 74	4.12 ± 0.76	4.32 ± 1.48	6.52 ± 1.92
	Cyclobutanemethanol	29, 39, 44, 57, 67	4.6 ± 0.68	—	—
	2-Pentanone	27, 43, 58, 71, 86	—	—	5.88 ± 0.20
	1-Penten-3-ol	29, 71, 57, 86	—	5.08 ± 0.64	—
	Valeraldehyde	29, 44, 58, 71, 86	7.32 ± 1.60	10.44 ± 3.88	12.36 ± 1.56
	Methyl butyrate	43, 59,71, 74, 102	—	2.96 ± 0.40	—
	1,1-Diethoxyethane	31, 43, 59, 75, 90	2.60 ± 0.44	—	—
	1-Pentanol	31, 42, 55, 70	18.20 ± 7.12	16.28 ± 3.84	24.84 ± 1.40
	3-Ethyl-4,4-dimethyl-2-pentene	29, 41, 55, 69, 97, 111, 126	6.88 ± 4.16	—	—
	Butyl acetate	29, 43, 56, 61, 73	3.32 ± 0.12	—	—
	2,4-Dimethyl-heptane	43, 57, 71, 85, 128	—	3.36 ± 0.16	2.92 ± 0.16
	Hexyl alcohol	31, 43, 56, 69, 102	17.04 ± 4.56	15.88 ± 2.76	21.68 ± 1.04
	Cyclooctatetraene	27, 39, 51, 78, 104	—	6.68 ± 0.84	—
	2-Pentanone	27, 43, 58, 71, 86	—	2.92 ± 0.12	—
	Heptanal	29, 41, 55, 70, 81, 86, 96, 114	—	3.00 ± 0.48	3.04 ± 0.04
	Pentyl ester acetic acid	29, 43, 55, 61, 70	3.80 ± 0.40	6.92 ± 1.24	20.56 ± 0.64
	2-Pentylfuran	27, 41, 53, 81, 138	—	10.28 ± 2.88	18.72 ± 3.68
	(Z)-3-Hexen-1-ol acetate	15, 27, 43, 67, 82	—	3.20 ± 1.32	5.40 ± 0.16
	Hexyl acetate	43, 56, 61, 69, 84	7.20 ± 1.80	3.88 ± 0.16	8.56 ± 3.36
	1-Nonanal	29, 41, 57, 70, 82, 98, 142	3.52 ± 0.16	2.88 ± 0.20	—
	2,5-Dimethyl-3-hexanone	27, 43, 57, 71, 85, 128	—	—	3.28 ± 0.04
Aromatic hydrocarbon	Toluene	39 51, 65, 91, 92	3.68 ± 0.20	3.16 ± 0.32	—
	Ethylbenzene	39, 51, 65, 77, 91, 106	3.64 ± 0.08	—	3.20 ± 0.40
	1,4-Xylene	39, 51, 65, 77, 91, 106	3.72 ± 0.12	—	3.96 ± 0.24
	Styrene	39, 51, 63, 78, 104	—	—	8.44 ± 1.40
	1-Methylethyl-benzene	39, 51, 63, 77, 105, 120	4.52 ± 2.20	3.88 ± 0.36	5.48 ± 3.40
	1,2,3-Trimethyl-benzene	39, 51, 65, 77, 91, 105, 120	6.60 ± 3.76	7.80 ± 1.40	—
	1-Ethyl-4-methyl-benzene	39, 65, 77, 91, 105, 120	—	—	9.80 ± 0.88
	1-Methyl-3-(1-methylethyl)-benzene	65, 77, 91, 119, 134	5.92 ± 2.28	—	—
Terpenoid	α-Phellandrene	41, 77, 93, 121, 136	5.12 ± 1.76	—	—
	α-Pinene	41, 77, 93, 105, 121, 136	38.88 ± 12.96	5.32 ± 0.16	—
	Camphene	27, 39, 67, 79, 93, 107, 121, 136	5.00 ± 0.40	2.56 ± 0.20	—
	3-Methyl-6-(1-methylethylidene)-cyclohexene	41, 53, 79, 93, 107, 121, 136	3.16 ± 0.40	—	—
	β-Pinene	27, 41, 53, 69, 77, 93, 121, 136	140.56 ± 50.28	19.04 ± 1.44	6.24 ± 0.56
	Limonene	27, 39, 53, 68, 79, 93, 107, 121, 136	—	12.24 ± 2.36	3.64 ± 0.28
	Eucalyptol	43, 55, 71, 81, 93, 108, 139, 154	1526.12 ± 82.24	35.72 ± 5.08	33.28 ± 10.92
	g-Terpinene	43, 77, 93, 105, 121,136	13.64 ± 9.48	—	—
	L-Fenchone	27, 41, 69, 81, 109, 152	4.96 ± 2.04	—	—

Note: “—” indicates that the component is not detected in the aromatic volatiles.

Fig. 4. The release amounts of aromatic volatiles of L. dentata, M. spicata, and M. piperita.

Notes: (A) the total release amounts; (B) the amounts of different volatile components. Statistical significance of difference in release amounts among different plants is indicated by different small letters (p < 0.05). Standard errors are shown.

Fig. 5. The MS spectrum and chemical structure of eucalyptol.