The delaying effect of alpha-glycerophosphocholine on senescence, transthyretin deposition, and osteoarthritis in senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 mice

Figures & data

Table 1. Senescence grading score in SAMP8 mice.

Parameters	Control group (n = 8)	GPC group (n = 8)	P value
36-week-old
Total grade	2.0 ± 0.22	1.2 ± 0.096	<0.01**
Behaviors	0.51 ± 0.15	0.013 ± 0.013	<0.01**
Skin and hair	0.49 ± 0.083	0.48 ± 0.016	0.89
Eyes	0.43 ± 0.15	0.44 ± 0.10	0.95
Skeleton	0.38 ± 0.085	0.28 ± 0.037	0.25
44-week-old
Total grade	5.1 ± 0.28	4.5 ± 0.30	0.16
Behaviors	2.3 ± 0.20	2.0 ± 0.19	0.20
Skin and hair	1.4 ± 0.20	1.4 ± 0.037	0.90
Eyes	0.58 ± 0.17	0.70 ± 0.16	0.59
Skeleton	0.39 ± 0.085	0.28 ± 0.037	0.48

Data are presented as the mean ± SD.

Figure 1. Anxiolytic activities of GPC tested in the elevated-plus maze in SAMP8 mice. The graph shows the time spent in open arms (sec) during the 10-min test. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM. (n = 10 each group).

Figure 2. TTR deposition in SAMP8 mice. Representative images are presented in Figure 2(A)–(D). (A—D) Images of the cortex (A: control; B: GPC) and hippocampus (C: control; D: GPC) are shown. (E, F) TTR deposition data (average number ± S.D.) are shown for the (E) control (□) and (F) GPC (■) groups, respectively. There was no significant difference between the control and GPC groups. (G) Activated microglia (green) internalized TTR deposition (red).

Table 2. TTR deposition in SAMP8.

	Control group	GPC group	P value
No. of cortex (right, left) with TTR deposition	16/16	11/16	<0.05*
No. of hippocampus (right, left) with TTR deposition	12/15	9/15	0.43

Frequencies were analyzed by Fisher’s exact test.

Figure 3. Effect of OA administration in SAMP8 mice. (A) Representative images of the knee joints of the control and GPC groups are shown. (B) The summed OARSI score of the GPC group was significantly lower than that of the control group. (n = 8 each group).

Table 3. Estimated dose of GPC intake in this study.

	Food intake	GPC intake from food	GPC intake from drink	Total GPC intake
	(g/kg body weight/day)	(mg/kg body weight/day)	(mg/kg body weight/day)	(mg/kg body weight/day)
Control group	130	43.2	0.00	43.2
GPC group	122	40.4	10.0	50.4

Dose levels were estimated from the average daily food and fluid intakes during the 44-week period.