S-Allyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide, a garlic odor precursor, suppresses elevation in blood ethanol concentration by accelerating ethanol metabolism and preventing ethanol absorption from gut

Figures & data

Table 1. ACSO, arginine, pyruvate and ammonia concentrations of garlic extract.

	Concentration (mg/100 g)
	ACSO	Arginine	Pyruvate	Ammonia
Garlic-H	1572	1417	158	51
Garlic-N	ND*	1292	366	236

^* ND, not detected.

Table 2. Effect of garlic extract and ACSO on plasma-ethanol concentration after oral administration of ethanol.

Time (min)	Plasma ethanol concentration (mmol/L)
	Control	Garlic-H	Garlic-N	ACSO
0	5.75 ± 0.77^a	5.50 ± 0.91^a	5.73 ± 1.19^a	5.72 ± 0.76^a
30	34.93 ± 7.06^a, **	25.32 ± 2.24^c, **	27.79 ± 3.97^bc, **	32.26 ± 4.23^ab, **
60	42.70 ± 7.21^a, **	33.27 ± 5.17^b, **	38.07 ± 7.21^ab, **	36.15 ± 6.51^ab, **
120	41.90 ± 7.97^a, **	29.31 ± 7.12^b, **	36.31 ± 7.18^ab, **	30.86 ± 7.07^ab, **
180	35.63 ± 12.34^a, **	20.82 ± 6.15^b, **	29.10 ± 7.85^ab, **	22.45 ± 6.06^b, **
270	25.38 ± 15.02^a, **	10.09 ± 3.68^b	18.39 ± 6.03^b, **	10.82 ± 2.83^b
360	14.20 ± 6.04^a	5.13 ± 5.05^b	8.60 ± 2.56^ab	6.18 ± 2.07^b
AUC (mmol･360 min/L)	9527 ± 2232^a	5478 ± 1263^c	7794 ± 1084^ab	6179 ± 419^bc

Notes:

Each value is the mean of 6 experiments ± SD.

Values with differing superscript letters are significantly different at p < 0.05 by Tukey-Kramer test.

Asterisks indicate a significant difference at p < 0.05 compared with 0 min by Tukey-Kramer test.

Table 3. Effect of garlic extract and ACSO on plasma-acetaldehyde concentration after oral administration of ethanol.

Time (min)	Plasma acetaldehyde concentration (μmol/L)
	Control	Garlic-H	Garlic-N	ACSO
0	35.88 ± 3.51^a	36.76 ± 4.85^a	34.00 ± 4.29^a	34.03 ± 2.66^a
30	48.92 ± 5.57^a, **	44.64 ± 6.95^a, *	43.54 ± 5.05^a, **	44.19 ± 3.31^a, **
60	50.37 ± 6.19^a, **	47.25 ± 6.31^a	47.11 ± 2.57^a, **	46.03 ± 3.00^a, **
120	54.04 ± 4.46^a, **	44.93 ± 3.80^b	47.42 ± 4.24^b, **	43.76 ± 2.42^b, **
180	49.73 ± 7.08^a, **	41.86 ± 3.85^ab	44.59 ± 5.16^ab, **	39.43 ± 3.00^b, **
360	36.45 ± 5.88^a	25.40 ± 6.55^b, *	28.79 ± 4.29^ab	26.37 ± 6.05^b
AUC (μmol･360 min)	3845 ± 1359^a	1353 ± 446.7^b	2154 ± 591.7^b	1636 ± 312.2^b

Notes:

Each value is the mean of 6 experiments ± SD.

Values with differing superscript letters are significantly different at p < 0.05 by Tukey-Kramer test.

Asterisks indicate a significant difference at p < 0.05 compared with 0 min by Tukey-Kramer test.

Table 4. Effect of garlic extract and ACSO on plasma-acetate concentration after oral administration of ethanol.

Time (min)	Plasma acetate concentration (mmol/mL)
	Control	Garlic-H	Garlic-N	ACSO
0	0.51 ± 0.14	0.46 ± 0.11	0.49 ± 0.07	0.51 ± 0.12
30	1.71 ± 0.28^**	1.46 ± 0.19^**	1.63 ± 0.25^**	1.41 ± 0.25^**
60	1.75 ± 0.26^**	1.64 ± 0.13^**	1.78 ± 0.26^**	1.47 ± 0.35^**
120	1.73 ± 0.34^**	1.58 ± 0.13^**	1.65 ± 0.20^**	1.50 ± 0.27^**
180	1.72 ± 0.23^**	1.85 ± 0.16^**	1.70 ± 0.21^**	1.62 ± 0.22^**
360	1.34 ± 0.64^**	0.91 ± 0.67	1.43 ± 0.50	0.73 ± 0.59
AUC (mmol･360 min/mL)	383 ± 94.9	358 ± 24.8	393 ± 56.4	283 ± 89.5

Notes:

Each value is the mean of 6 experiments with SD.

Asterisks indicate a significant difference compared with 0 min by Tukey-Kramer test (p < 0.05).

Table 5. Effects of garlic extract and ACSO on plasma ethanol concentration after injection of ethanol into stomach.

Time (min)	Plasma ethanol concentration (mmol/L)
	Control	Garlic-H	ACSO
0	6.88 ± 1.30^a	6.58 ± 1.29^a	6.24 ± 1.44^a
5	30.81 ± 5.86^a, **	13.47 ± 7.07^b	18.32 ± 6.42^b **
10	35.22 ± 5.79^a, **	12.77 ± 6.10^b	17.40 ± 4.73^b, **
30	33.77 ± 2.75^a, **	12.19 ± 4.78^c	20.18 ± 6.42^b, **
60	35.47 ± 4.43^a, **	14.02 ± 6.16^c	22.47 ± 5.88^b, **
AUC (mmol･min/L)	1577.7 ± 138.3^a	363.47 ± 258.7^b	791.49 ± 343.8^c

Notes:

Each value is the mean of 6 experiments ± SD.

Values with differing superscript letters are significantly different at p < 0.05 by Tukey-Kramer test.

Asterisks indicate a significant difference at p < 0.05 compared with 0 min by Tukey-Kramer test.

Table 6. Effects of garlic extract and ACSO on plasma ethanol concentration after injection of ethanol into the small intestine.

Time (min)	Plasma ethanol concentration (mmol/L)
	Control	Garlic-H	ACSO
0	7.86 ± 1.69^a	6.61 ± 1.71^a	7.01 ± 1.83^a
5	97.95 ± 8.98^a, **	76.41 ± 15.27^b, **	88.41 ± 8.58^ab, **
10	87.83 ± 9.83^a, **	75.50 ± 11.27^ab, **	74.07 ± 7.22^b, **
30	62.45 ± 4.76^a, **	54.20 ± 4.59^b, **	51.15 ± 4.36^b, **
60	50.38 ± 2.01^a, **	43.58 ± 5.53^b, **	42.29 ± 2.62^b, **
AUC (mmol･min/L)	3452.6 ± 117.2^a	2954.7 ± 365.9^b	2878.0 ± 224.8^b

Notes:

Each value is the mean of 6 experiments ± SD.

Values with differing superscript letters are significantly different at p < 0.05 by Tukey-Kramer test.

Asterisks indicate a significant difference at p < 0.05 compared with 0 min by Tukey-Kramer test.

Figure 1. Effect of Garlic-H and ACSO on ADH activity in hepatic cytosolic fraction. Each value is the mean of 10 experiments ± SD. Results with different letters are significantly different at p < 0.05.

Figure 2. Effect of Garlic-H and ACSO on ALDH activity in hepatic cytosolic and mitochondrial fraction. Each value is the mean of 10 experiments ± SD. Results with different letters are significantly different at p < 0.05.