The impact of smartphone use on accommodative functions: pilot study

Figures & data

Table 1. Showing the order of procedures. NPA = Near point of accommodation, NPC = Near point convergence, AF= Accommodative facility, BEO= both eyes open, RE= right eye, LE= left eye.

Timeline	Assessments	Conditions
Pre-smartphone	NPA: BEO, RE, LE x 3	Lighting controlled N5 print used Wearing habitual glasses
	NPC: BEO x 3
	AF: BEO, RE, LE x 3
30 mins habitual use	Participant located within the testing lab	Lighting controlled in lab
Post-smartphone	NPA: BEO, RE, LE x 3	Lighting controlled N5 print used Wearing habitual glasses
	NPC: BEO x 3
	AF: BEO, RE, LE x 3

Table 2. Showing measures of accommodation and vergence pre-post smartphone use. Note: Median of three measures reported.

Measure	Pre Smartphone Median (range)	Post Smartphone Median (range)	P value
AF BEO (cpm)	8 (4–12.5)	11 (0–13)	0.015
AF RE (cpm)	8 (2–11.5)	10.25 (0–15.5)	0.037
AF LE (cpm)	9.5 (1–12.5)	11 (0–17)	0.278
NPA BEO (cms)	12.25 (8.5–23)	14.25 (8–24)	0.047
NPA RE (cms)	13.25 (8.25–22)	13.75 (8.13–21.5)	0.047
NPA LE (cms)	13.5 (8.12–21.75)	13.63 (8.19–21.6)	0.047
Convergence (cms)	9 (6–15.5)	9.75 (6–23.5)	0.018

Table 3. Overview of the significance of the differences found, including post-hoc correction and clinical significance.

Function	Difference	Statistically Significant	Bonferroni Correction	Clinically Significant
AF (BEO)	+3cpm	Y	N	N
AF (RE)	+2.25cpm	Y	N	N
AF (LE)	+1.5cpm	N	N	N
NPA(BEO)	−2cms	Y	N	N
NPA (RE)	−0.5 cm	Y	N	N
NPA (LE)	−0.13cms	Y	N	N
NPC	−0.75cms	Y	N	N