The impact of smartphone use on accommodative functions: pilot study

References

• Office for National Statistics. Internet Access – Households and Individuals Great Britain: 2020 Internet Access – Households and Individuals. Great Britain - Office for National Statistics (ons.gov.uk) https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/householdcharacteristics/homeinternetandsocialmediausage/bulletins/internetaccesshouseholdsandindividuals/2020. Accessed July 24, 2022
   Google Scholar
• Office for National Statistics. Internet access – households and individuals, Great Britain: 2018 https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/householdcharacteristics/homeinternetandsocialmediausage. Accessed December 18, 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Sheppard AL, Wolffsohn JS. Digital eye strain: prevalence, measurement and amelioration. BMJ Open Ophthalmol. 2018;3(1):e000146. doi:10.1136/bmjophth-2018-000146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coles-Brennan C, Sulley A, Young G. Management of digital eye strain. Clin Exp Optom. 2019;102(1):18–29. doi:10.1111/cxo.12798. Epub 2018 May 23. PMID: 29797453.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaur K, Gurnani B, Nayak S, et al. Digital eye strain- a comprehensive review. Ophthalmol Ther. 2022;11(5):1655–1680. Epub 2022 Jul 9. PMID: 35809192; PMCID: PMC9434525. doi:10.1007/s40123-022-00540-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim J, Hwang Y, Kang S, et al. Association between exposure to smartphones and ocular health in adolescents. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2017;23(4):269–276. doi:10.3109/09286586.2015.1136652.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Long J, Cheung R, Duong S, Paynter R, Asper L. Viewing distance and eyestrain symptoms with prolonged viewing of smartphones. Clin Exp Optom. 2017;100(2):133–137. doi:10.1111/cxo.12453.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moulakaki AI, Recchioni A, Del Aguila-Carrasco A, Esteve-Taboada JJ, Montes-Mico R. Assessing the accommodation response after near visual tasks using different handheld electronic devices. Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2017;80(1):9–13. doi:10.5935/0004-2749.20170004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ram MS, Majumder C, Cherukuri V, Ghosh P. Effect of smartphone activity over convergence insufficiency score before sleep. J of Peer Scientist. 2018;1:e1000002.
   Google Scholar
• Miranda AM, Nunes-Pereira EJ, Baskaran K, Macedo AF. Eye movements, convergence distance and pupil-size when reading from smartphone, computer, print and tablet. Scand J Optom Vis Sci. 2018;11(1):1–5. doi:10.5384/sjovs.vol11i1p1-5.
   Google Scholar
• Padavettan C, Nishanth S, Vidhyalakshmi S, Madhivanan N, Madhivanan N. Changes in vergence and accommodation parameters after smartphone use in healthy adults. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2021;69(6):1487–1490. doi:10.4103/ijo.IJO_2956_20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang JW, Chun YS, Moon NJ. A comparison of accommodation and ocular discomfort change according to display size of smart devices. BMC Ophthalmol. 2021;21(1):44. doi:10.1186/s12886-020-01789-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee HS, Park SW, Heo H. Acute acquired comitant esotropia related to excessive smartphone use. BMC Ophthalmol. 2016;16(1):37. doi:10.1186/s12886-016-0213-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaur S, Sukhija J, Khanna R, Takkar A, Singh M. Diplopia after excessive smart phone usage. Neuro-Ophthalmology. 2018;43(5):323–326. doi:10.1080/01658107.2018.1518988.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayashi R, Hayashi S, Machida S. The effects of topical cycloplegics in acute acquired comitant esotropia induced by excessive digital device usage. BMC Ophthalmol. 2022;22(1):366. doi:10.1186/s12886-022-02590.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirota M, Morimoto T, Miyoshi T, Fujikado T. Binocular coordination during smartphone reading in esophoric patients. J Binocul Vis Ocul Motil. 2020;70(1):15–20. doi:10.1080/2576117X.2019.1690349.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Iimori H, Suzuki H, Komori M, Hikoya A, Hotta Y, Sato M. Clinical findings of acute acquired comitant esotropia in young patients. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2022;66(1):87–93. doi:10.1007/s10384-021-00879-9. Epub 2021 Oct 16. PMID: 34655005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vagge A, Giannaccare G, Scarinci F, et al. Acute acquired concomitant esotropia from excessive application of near vision during the COVID-19 lockdown. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2020;20(57):e88–91. doi:10.3928/01913913-20200828-01.
   Google Scholar
• Van Hoolst E, Beelen L, De Clerck I, et al. Association between near viewing and acute acquired esotropia in children during tablet and smartphone use. Strabismus. 2022;30(2):59–64. doi:10.1080/09273972.2022.2046113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sefi-Yurdakul N. Clinical features, etiological reasons, and treatment results in patients who developed acute acquired nonaccomodative esotropia. Int Ophthalmol. 2022;22. doi:10.1007/s10792-022-02458-4.
   Google Scholar
• Yeow PT, Taylor SP. Effects of long-term visual display terminal usage on visual functions. Optom Vis Sci. 1991;68(12):930–941. doi:10.1097/00006324-199112000-00004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saito S, Sotoyama M, Saito S, Taptagaporn S. Physiological indices of visual fatigue due to VDT operation: pupillary reflexes and accommodative responses. Ind Health. 1994;32(2):57–66. doi:10.2486/indhealth.32.57. PMID: 7806446.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penisten DK, Goss DA, Philpott G, Pham A, West RW. Comparisons of dynamic retinoscopy measurements with a print card, a video display terminal, and a PRIO system tester as test targets. Optom. 2004;75(4):231–240. doi:10.1016/s1529-1839(04)70050-0.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hue JE, Rosenfield M, Saá G. Reading from electronic devices versus hardcopy text. Work. 2014 1;47(3):303–307. doi:10.3233/WOR-131777. PMID: 24284668.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bababekova Y, Rosenfield M, Hue J, Huang RR. Font size and viewing distance of handheld smart phones. OptomVis Sci. 2011;88(7):795–797. doi:10.1097/OPX.0b013e3182198792.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong RA. When to use the Bonferroni correction. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2014;34(5):502–508. doi:10.1111/opo.1213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar