Momentary emotional states in primary school children: combined effects of chronotype X time-of-day

Figures & data

Table 1. Means and standard deviations for chronotype, and primary and overall emotional states measures

Chronotype and emotional state measures	M-types			E-types			Total ^a
	n	M	SD	n	M	SD	n	M	SD
CCTQ – M/E	52	22.60	2.21	82	35.42	2.65	134	30.45	6.74
FS
Morning (9 a.m.)	52	6.37	.79	82	6.28	.850	134	6.31	.826
Afternoon (4 p.m.)	52	6.08	1.19	82	6.37	.90	134	6.25	1.02
EAPNC- PA
Morning (9 a.m.)	52	56.80	12.42	82	56.21	10.42	134	56.44	11.20
Afternoon (4 p.m.)	51	55.43	11.49	82	56.67	9.57	133	56.20	10.33
EAPNC- NA
Morning (9 a.m.)	51	19.38	6.44	82	19.47	7.21	133	19.43	6.90
Afternoon (4 p.m.)	52	20.03	7.34	82	19.00	6.23	134	19.40	6.67
STAIC- S
Morning (9 a.m.)	51	26.84	6.02	81	25.82	4.99	132	26.21	5.41
Afternoon (4 p.m.)	51	27.75	6.41	81	25.10	4.73	132	26.13	5.57
Overall Momentary Emotional States (z-score)
Morning (9 a.m.)	50	.02	.07	81	.03	.68	131	.03	.69
Afternoon (4 p.m.)	50	−.15	.08	81	.10	.71	131	.01	.73

Note. M = morning-types; E = evening-types; CCTQ – M/E = Children’s Chronotype Questionnaire Morningness /Eveningness scale’s score; FS = Face Scale’s score; EAPNC-PA = Positive and Negative Affect Scale for Children – Positive affect scale’s score. EAPNC-NA = Positive and Negative Affect Scale for Children – Negative affect scale’s score; STAIC-S = score of Anxiety-State Scale from State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children.

^aConsidering both M- and E-types.

Table 2. Means and standard deviations for psychopathology measures

Psychopathology measures	M-types			E-types			Total ^a
	N	M	SD	n	M	SD	n	M	SD
SDQ- Total score	51	9.57	5.00	81	12.21	5.11	132	11.19	5.21
SDQ- Domain scores
Conduct Problems	51	1.24	1.26	81	1.95	1.56	132	1.68	1.49
Hyperactivity/Inattention	51	4.26	2.46	81	5.31	2.47	132	4.91	2.51
Emotional Symptoms	51	2.53	1.89	81	3.30	2.03	132	3.00	2.01
Peer problems	51	1.54	1.56	81	1.65	1.48	132	1.61	1.51
Pro-social behaviour	51	9.27	1.34	81	8.79	1.43	132	8.98	1.41

Note. M = morning-types; E = evening-types; SDQ = Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire.

^aConsidering both M- and E-types.

Table 3. Means and standard deviations for sleep measures

Sleep measures	M-types			E-types			Total ^a
	n	M	SD	n	M	SD	n	M	SD
PSVC – subscale scores
Daytime sleep consequences	51	4.37	1.33	82	5.04	1.21	133	4.78	1.29
Sleep limit setting	49	3.31	1.28	81	4.67	1.69	130	4.15	1.68
Sleeping difficulties	51	3.18	.48	81	3.27	.67	132	3.23	.604
Parents help to sleep	51	5.04	2.34	81	6.33	2.70	132	5.83	2.63
Parasomnias	51	6.00	1.74	81	6.19	1.36	132	6.11	1.52
Afraid of dark	52	4.42	2.51	81	4.91	2.41	133	4.72	2.45
Wake time (weekdays)^b	52	7:29	0:28	82	7:47	0:20	134	7:40	0:25
Wake time (free days)^b	52	8:26	0:50	81	9:24	0:51	133	9:01	0:57
Sleep onset (weekdays)^b	49	21:48	0:27	77	22:21	0:28	126	22:08	0:32
Sleep onset (free days)^b	50	22:23	0:37	74	22:41	2:41	124	22:34	2:07
Sleep duration (weekdays)^b	49	9:44	0:29	77	9:26	0:31	126	9:33	0:31
Sleep duration (free days)^b	50	10:00	0:46	73	10:45	2:50	123	10:27	2:16
Midpoint of sleep (MSF) (weekdays)^b	49	2:40	0:21	77	3:04	0:19	126	2:55	0:23
Midpoint of sleep (MSF) (free days)^b	50	3:24	0:36	73	4:04	1:24	123	3:47	1:11
Social jetlag^b	48	0:46	0:29	72	0:58	1:24	120	0:53	1:07

Note. M = morning-types; E = evening-types; PSVC = Children’s Sleep-Waking Pattern Questionnaire; Sleep onset (the time when children fall asleep): Sleep duration (the difference between children’s rise time and bedtime); Midpoint of sleep (MSF) (time between sleep onset and waking up); Social jetlag (difference between MSF on free days and MSF on weekdays).

^aConsidering both M- and E-types.

^bhh:mm

Figure 1. Mean z-scores of overall momentary emotional states by time-of-day and chronotype.

Table 4. Two-way mixed ANOVA for overall momentary emotional states by time-of-day and chronotype

Source of variation	df	MS^a	F	p	ηp ^2
Between Subjects
Chronotype	1	1.15	1.35	.25	.01
Error	127	.85	-	-	-
Within Subjects
Time-of-day	1	.11	.63	.43	.01
Chronotype x Time-of-day	1	.81	4.83*	.03	.04
Error	127	.17	-	-	-

Note: ^aMean square.

*p < .05.

Data availability statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, A.A.G, upon reasonable request.