Opportunity management enablers in construction projects: a systematic literature review

Figures & data

Figure 1. Categorisation of studies reporting the application of opportunity management enablers.

Table 1. Selected cases and assigned case numbers.

Author(s) and year	Case number and project deliverable	Country
(Abdelfatah, Abdel-Hamid, and Ahmed 2020)	1. Greater Cairo Metro (Line 3—Phase 3)	Egypt
(Alleman and Tran 2021)	2. Highway expansion	USA
(Andújar-Montoya et al. 2020)	3. Public building extension	Spain
(Bensalah, Elouadi, and Mharzi 2019)	4. Tunnel	Belgium
(Bensalah, Elouadi, and Mharzi 2019)	5. Railway—Crossrail (Elizabeth Line)	UK
(Bensalah, Elouadi, and Mharzi 2019)	6. Construction and renovation of electrical substations	Morocco
(Bhattacharya and Mathur 2022)	7. Hotel	India
(Bhattacharya and Mathur 2022)	8. Office building fit out	Not stated
(Bhattacharya and Mathur 2022)	9. Office building	India
(Bhattacharya and Mathur 2022)	10. High-rise residential building	India
(Bourdeau et al. 2020)	11. Rehabilitation of Canada’s Parliamentary Centre Block	Canada
(Brunet and Forgues 2019)	12. Multifunctional amphitheatre	Canada
(Bygballe, Endresen, and Fålun 2018)	13. Higher education building	Norway
(Chahrour et al. 2021)	14. Two transportation projects (interfaces)	Not stated
(Czerewko et al. 2019)	15. Wind turbines at Bonemill Quarry	UK
(Daraei et al. 2019)	16. Twin tunnels	Iraq
(Demirkesen, Sadikoglu, and Jayamanne 2022)	17. Residential Building	USA
(Ellis et al. 2021)	18. Single-storey gymnasium and swimming pool	UK
(Gharehbaghi, McManus, and Robson 2019)	19. Railway network (metro)	Australia
(Gorod et al. 2021)	20. The Olmsted Locks and Dam replacement project	USA
(Göttsche and Kelly 2020)	21. Block M—Demolition and landscaping	Ireland
(Göttsche and Kelly 2020)	22. CF unit—New build healthcare	Ireland
(Göttsche and Kelly 2020)	23. Podiatry unit—New build healthcare	Ireland
(Göttsche and Kelly 2020)	24. HDU—Demolition and fit out	Ireland
(Gransberg and Gransberg 2020)	25. Tuttle Creek Dam modification	USA
(Gransberg and Gransberg 2020)	26. Sellwood Bridge replacement	USA
(Hein et al. 2021)	27. Backbarrier saltmarsh construction	USA
(Huang et al. 2021)	28. Metro line	China
(Jang et al. 2019)	29. R&D centre	South Korea
(Jang et al. 2019)	30. Business facility complex	South Korea
(Jang et al. 2019)	31. Hospital	South Korea
(Jang et al. 2019)	32. Apartment complex	South Korea
(Jang et al. 2019)	33. Data centre	South Korea
(Khodeir and El Ghandour 2019)	34. Luxurious residential compound	Egypt
(Khodeir and El Ghandour 2019)	35. National Project for Housing choose	Egypt
(Koseoglu and Nurtan-Gunes 2018) & (Koseoglu, Sakin, and Arayici 2018)	36. Istanbul Airport (Phase 1)	Turkey
(Laryea and Watermeyer 2020)	37. Sol Plaatje University	South Africa
(Laryea and Watermeyer 2020)	38. University of Mpumalanga	South Africa
(Laurent and Leicht 2019)	39. Building renewal	Not stated
(Lee et al. 2020)	40. Road widening and rehabilitation	USA
(Leicht et al. 2020)	41. Project B	Germany
(Li, Wang, and Alashwal 2021)	42. High-rise residential building	China
(Liu et al. 2022)	43. Megaproject: Bridge	China
(Lyu et al. 2020)	44. Prefabricated housing project	China
(Ma et al. 2018)	45. Office building	China
(Majava, Haapasalo, and Aaltonen 2019)	46. New transportation system	Finland
(Mitropoulos and Tajima 2022)	47. Pier replacement	Not stated
(Zender and de Soto 2021)	48. Rehabilitation of a shopping mall	Peru
(Othman and Abdelrahim 2020)	49. Pharmaceutical plant	India
(Othman and Abdelrahim 2020)	50. Governmental building	Indonesia
(Perez and Ghosh 2018)	51. New five-story educational building	USA
(Peters et al. 2018)	52. Combined heat and power plant	Not stated
(Power et al. 2021)	53. Pharma facilities	Ireland
(Ramani and KSD 2021)	54. Steel building erection	India
(Rasmussen 2021)	55. Airport extension	Denmark
(Rasmussen 2021)	56. Hospital building	Denmark
(Rodrigues and Lindhard 2021)	57. Hospital buildings	Norway
(Savolainen et al. 2018)	58. Media centre renovation	Not stated
(Shafiq 2021)	59. Commercial and residential development project	UAE
(Shahhosseini et al. 2018)	60. Ilam Gas Refinery	Iran
(Staub-French et al. 2022)	61. Student residence (hybrid mass timber high-rise building)	Canada
(Xing et al. 2021)	62. Industrial building	China
(Yu et al. 2022)	63. Public housing redevelopment	Not stated
(Yu et al. 2022)	64. Primary drainage channel	Not stated
(Bensalah, Elouadi, and Mharzi 2019)	65. Mälarbanan railway	Sweden

Figure 2. Project phases in which the enablers were applied, and the project delivery models.

Table 2. Observed enablers applied in the selected cases, along with observed types of expected and actual positive effects, and contracting parties that used the enablers (N = number of projects).

Opportunity management enablers	Effects		Contracting party that used the enablers
	First-order	Second-order	Client and Contractor(s)	Client	Contractor	Subcontractor
VE	N = 14	N = 3		N = 1	N = 3	N = 5
BIM and computer-aided solutions	N = 13		N = 1	N = 2	N = 6	N = 1
Waste reduction methods (resource efficiency initiatives, time studies, value stream mapping)	N = 7	N = 1		N = 1	N = 4	N = 2
Workflow improvement planning systems, e.g. Last Planner System (LPS), Takt Time Planning (TPP)	N = 5	N = 1	N = 1		N = 2	N = 1
Constructability analysis	N = 4	N = 3			N = 4
Stakeholder management	N = 2	N = 4		N = 4
Call-off procurement with incomplete design	N = 2			N = 2
BIM, LPS, VE, Flexibility and Technical Innovations, Constructability analysis	N = 1	N = 1		N = 1
Computer-aided solutions, LPS + TTP, Prefabrication and just-in-time (JIT) delivery	N = 1		N = 1	No available data
BIM, computer-aided solutions, Prefabrication and JIT delivery, Full-scale mock-up	N = 1		N = 1
LPS, TVD	N = 1		N = 1
VE, Technical Innovations	N = 1	N = 1			N = 1
Technical Innovations, Exploration: cross-industry and cross-disciplinary learning, Prefabrication	N = 1		N = 1
Flexibility: scope changes and value creation	N = 1	N = 1		N = 1
Technical Innovations	N = 1		No available data
Pilot tunnelling section monitoring	N = 1
Exploration: cross-industry and cross-disciplinary learning		N = 1	N = 1
Identification of borrow sites with fill material in proximity to the project location	N = 1
TVD	N = 1		N = 1
Non-invasive testing	N = 1				N = 1
Lessons learnt from previous project	N = 1			N = 1
Open book policy and allowing adjustments to final account	N = 1				N = 1
Scrum	N = 1				N = 1
Total:	N = 62	N = 16	N = 8	N = 13	N = 23	N = 9

Table 3. Application timing of enablers, sorted by general project phases (X = at least one observation of enabler utilisation during the project phase).

Opportunity management enablers	Conceptual design	Detailed design	Tender	Construction execution
VE	X	X	X	X
BIM and computer-aided solutions	X	X		X
Constructability analysis	X	X		X
Stakeholder management	X	X		X
Flexibility: scope changes and value creation	X	X
Target value design	X	X
Waste reduction methods	X			X
Identification of borrow sites with fill material in proximity to the project location	X
Technical Innovations		X	X	X
Pilot tunnelling section monitoring		X		X
Full-scale mock-up		X		X
Workflow improvement planning systems		X		X
Call-off procurement with incomplete design		X
Prefabrication		X
Exploration: cross-industry and cross-disciplinary learning		X
Non-invasive testing in combination with BIM		X
Lessons learnt from previous project		X
JIT delivery				X
Open book policy and allowing adjustments to final account				X
Scrum				X
Variety of enablers:	8	15	2	12

Table 4. Approximated size of quantified first-order effects relative to the project cost, project baseline schedule or costs of the associated parts of the project scope (N = number of projects).

Opportunity management enablers	Case number	Quantified first-order effects
		Category 1 (cost effects relative to the estimated project cost)
BIM	14, 36	Avoided cost increase:	10–20%
VE	1, 42	Expected cost savings:	1.7–10%
BIM, Workflow improvement planning systems (LPS), VE, Flexibility and Technical Innovations, Constructability analysis	12	Actual cost savings:	7.5%
Workflow improvement planning system (LPS) + BIM	3	Avoided cost increase:	4.3%
Constructability analysis	47	Expected cost savings:	1.15%
Waste reduction methods: resource efficiency initiatives	21–24	Actual cost savings:	0.33 − 0.72%
Computer-aided solution: 5D-PROMPT	41	Actual losses:	−6.04%
	N = 12
		Category 2 (time effects relative to the project baseline schedule)
BIM and computer-aided solutions: augmented reality and capturing as-built conditions via laser scanning	8	Actual time savings:	30%
Waste reduction methods: value stream mapping	54	Avoided delay:	30%
Constructability analysis	40	Actual time savings:	18%
Workflow improvement planning system (LPS) + BIM	3	Actual time savings and avoided delay:	11.7%
	N = 4
		Category 3 (cost savings relative to the cost of the associated parts of the project scope)
VE	1, 10, 16, 29–33, 34, 60	Expected cost savings:	1.2 − 58.6%
BIM	9	Expected cost savings:	4.5%
Constructability analysis	40	Expected cost savings:	3.42%
	N = 12

Table 5. Quantified second-order effects of enablers.

Case number	Opportunity management enablers	Quantified second-order effects
58	Flexibility: scope changes and value creation	End-user satisfaction	Net Promoter Score^® (NPS) = 37% Remark: NPS is a metric proposed by Reichheld (2006)
63	Stakeholder management: public engagement and public consultation	End-user satisfaction	Survey results: ‘92% of residents were satisfied with the new estate’ (Yu et al. 2022, 2293)
40	Constructability analysis	Value from early project completion	‘The road widening was found to save regular lane and express lane road users 12 and 90 min per day’ (Lee et al. 2020, 2) Remark: considering that the project was commissioned ten months ahead of schedule, the positive effects accounted for approx. 60 and 450 hours for regular lane and express lane road users, respectively

Table

#	Pre-defined enablers	Search rule and key words	Number of identified records
1	Flexibility concepts	TS=(flexibility OR flexible OR adaptability OR agility OR ambidexterity OR versatility OR pliability OR liquidity OR malleability OR mobility OR modularity OR plasticity OR resilience OR agile)	95
2	Opportunity management enablers in design	TS=(‘value engineering’ OR ‘value design’ OR ‘target value’ OR ‘target value design’ OR ‘set based design’ OR ‘set-based design’ OR cbd OR ‘evidence-based design’ OR ebd)	21
3	Lean construction	TS=(‘lean’ OR ‘last responsible moment’ OR ‘last planner system’ OR ‘LPS’)	48
4	Value/benefits management	TS=(‘value management’ OR ‘value adding’ OR ‘adding value’ OR ‘value creation’ OR ‘benefits creation’ OR ‘benefit creation’ OR ‘enhance value’ OR ‘value added’ OR ‘benefits management’ OR ‘benefit realisation’ OR ‘benefits realisation’ OR ‘enhance benefit’ OR ‘enhance benefits’ OR ‘added value’ OR ‘value addition’)	54
5	Constructability analysis	TS=(constructability OR buildability OR contractibility OR ‘location-based design’ OR ‘Location based design’ OR ‘location based design management’ OR ‘location-based design management’ OR ‘LBDM’ OR ‘Location Based Management System’ OR ‘Location-Based Management System’ OR ‘LBMS’)	15
6	Cost savings and optimisations	TS=((‘cost savings’ OR ‘cost saving’ OR ‘budget control’ OR ‘alternative materials’ OR ‘alternative design’ OR ‘alternative material’ OR ‘cheaper solution’ OR ‘cheaper solutions’ OR ‘alternative solution’ OR ‘alternative solutions’ OR ‘faster solution’ OR ‘faster solutions’ OR ‘optimisation’ OR ‘optimising’ OR ‘optimum solution’ OR ‘optimum solution’ OR ‘optimised design’ OR ‘optimised design’ OR ‘optimum alternative’ OR ‘optimum alternatives’ OR ‘lead time reduction’ OR ‘time reduction’ OR ‘schedule acceleration’ OR ‘decrease time to market’ OR ‘decreased time to market’) NOT (all the key words mentioned above))	26
7	Resilience and bouncing forward	TS=(‘resilience’ OR ‘crisis management’ OR ‘project saving’ OR ‘crises management’ OR ‘saved project’ OR ‘saved projects’ OR ‘disruption management’ OR ‘bouncing forward’ OR ‘bounce forward’)	22
		Total:	281
	Applied restrictions in the search rules	AND (TS=(project) AND TS=(opportunity OR opportunities OR ‘positive risk’ OR ‘positive risks’ OR benefit OR benefits OR value OR ‘positive effect’ OR ‘positive effects’) AND TS= (‘case study’ OR ‘case studies’) AND TS= (‘project management’ OR ‘engineering management’ OR ‘construction management’ OR ‘construction’)) AND TS = construction LANGUAGE: (English) Refined by: DOCUMENT TYPES: (ARTICLE) Timespan: 2018-2022.

Table

#	Pre-defined enablers	Search rule and key words	Number of identified records
1	Flexibility concepts	TITLE-ABS-KEY (flexibility OR flexible OR adaptability OR agility OR ambidexterity OR versatility OR pliability OR liquidity OR malleability OR mobility OR modularity OR plasticity OR resilience OR agile)	83
2	Opportunity management enablers in design	TITLE-ABS (‘value engineering’ OR ‘value design’ OR ‘target value’ OR ‘target value design’ OR ‘set based design’ OR ‘set-based design’ OR cbd OR ‘evidence-based design’ OR ebd)	23
3	Lean construction	TITLE-ABS (‘lean’ OR ‘last responsible moment’ OR ‘last planner system’ OR ‘LPS’)	40
4	Value/benefits management	TITLE-ABS-KEY (‘value management’ OR ‘value adding’ OR ‘adding value’ OR ‘value creation’ OR ‘benefits creation’ OR ‘benefit creation’ OR ‘enhance value’ OR ‘value added’ OR ‘benefits management’ OR ‘benefit realisation’ OR ‘benefits realisation’ OR ‘enhance benefit’ OR ‘enhance benefits’ OR ‘added value’ OR ‘value addition’)	53
5	Constructability analysis	TITLE-ABS-KEY (constructability OR buildability OR contractibility OR ‘location-based design’ OR ‘Location based design’ OR ‘location based design management’ OR ‘location-based design management’ OR ‘LBDM’ OR ‘Location Based Management System’ OR ‘Location-Based Management System’ OR ‘LBMS’)	14
6	Cost savings and optimisations	TITLE-ABS ((‘cost savings’ OR ‘cost saving’ OR ‘budget control’ OR ‘alternative materials’ OR ‘alternative design’ OR ‘alternative material’ OR ‘cheaper solution’ OR ‘cheaper solutions’ OR ‘alternative solution’ OR ‘alternative solutions’ OR ‘faster solution’ OR ‘faster solutions’ OR ‘optimisation’ OR ‘optimising’ OR ‘optimum solution’ OR ‘optimum solution’ OR ‘optimised design’ OR ‘optimised design’ OR ‘optimum alternative’ OR ‘optimum alternatives’ OR ‘lead time reduction’ OR ‘time reduction’ OR ‘schedule acceleration’ OR ‘decrease time to market’ OR ‘decreased time to market’) AND NOT (all the key words mentioned above))	129
7	Resilience and bouncing forward	TITLE-ABS-KEY (‘resilience’ OR ‘crisis management’ OR ‘project saving’ OR ‘crises management’ OR ‘saved project’ OR ‘saved projects’ OR ‘disruption management’) AND TITLE-ABS (project) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY (opportunity OR opportunities OR ‘positive risk’ OR ‘positive risks’ OR benefit OR benefits OR value OR ‘positive effect’ OR ‘positive effects’)	16
		Total:	358
	Applied restrictions in the search rules	AND TITLE-ABS (project) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY (opportunity OR opportunities OR ‘positive risk’ OR ‘positive risks’ OR benefit OR benefits OR value OR ‘positive effect’ OR ‘positive effects’) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY (‘case study’ OR ‘case studies’) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY (‘project management’ OR ‘engineering management’ OR ‘construction management’ OR ‘construction’) AND TITLE-ABS (construction) AND (LIMIT-TO (PUBYEAR, 2022) OR LIMIT-TO (PUBYEAR, 2021) OR LIMIT-TO (PUBYEAR, 2020) OR LIMIT-TO (PUBYEAR, 2019) OR LIMIT-TO (PUBYEAR, 2018)) AND (LIMIT-TO (DOCTYPE, ‘ar’)) AND (LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, ‘English’)) AND (LIMIT-TO (SRCTYPE, ‘j’))

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