Chemical composition, antioxidant, and antiproliferative activities of nine Chinese proso millet varieties

Figures & data

Table 1. The contents (%) of total starch, amylose, and resistant starch in nine Chinese proso millet cultivars.

Cultivar	Total starch	Amylose	Resistant starch
S	65.82 ± 0.36^a	0.20 ± 0.04^a	0.64 ± 0.01^a
D	71.91 ± 0.27^b	0.27 ± 0.05^a	0.86 ± 0.04^b
N2	74.91 ± 0.31^d	0.17 ± 0.02^a	0.70 ± 0.03^a
N4	75.66 ± 0.49^e	0.24 ± 0.06^a	1.01 ± 0.05^c
N8	72.17 ± 0.37^b	0.26 ± 0.04^a	0.70 ± 0.01^a
J1	76.85 ± 0.30^f	27.46 ± 1.36^cd	2.00 ± 0.06^e
J3	78.59 ± 0.21^g	28.50 ± 1.51^d	2.07 ± 0.08^e
J7	73.89 ± 0.32^c	26.50 ± 1.46^c	2.21 ± 0.10^f
J9	73.59 ± 0.25^c	9.33 ± 0.71^b	1.82 ± 0.07^d
Mean waxy	72.10 ± 3.87	0.23 ± 0.04	0.78 ± 0.15
Mean non-waxy	75.73 ± 2.41	22.95 ± 9.11*	2.02 ± 0.16*
Mean	73.71 ± 3.65	10.33 ± 13.21	1.33 ± 0.67

Note: Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation of triplicate samples; mean values with different superscripts in the same column are significantly different (P < .05).

*Means there are significantly different (P < .05) between the waxy group and non-waxy group within the same column.

Table 2. Protein (%) and amino acid content in nine Chinese proso millet cultivars (mg/g).

Cultivar		S	D	N2	N4	N8	J1	J3	J7	J9	Mean waxy	Mean non-waxy	Mean
Protein		13.48 ± 0.24^e	14.10 ± 0.09^g	12.66 ± 0.17^d	12.82 ± 0.10^d	13.84 ± 0.03^f	11.89 ± 0.02^b	10.65 ± 0.03^a	12.19 ± 0.16^c	13.47 ± 0.21^e	13.38 ± 0.63	12.05 ± 1.16	12.79 ± 1.09
N-EAA	Asp	8.13 ± 0.06^e	8.20 ± 0.10^e	7.91 ± 0.72^de	7.95 ± 0.21^de	6.99 ± 0.81^cd	5.63 ± 0.81^a	6.61 ± 0.12^bc	7.52 ± 0.06^cde	5.94 ± 0.81^ab	7.83 ± 0.49*	6.42 ± 0.84	7.21 ± 0.97
	Ser	9.09 ± 0.41^bcd	9.89 ± 0.26^d	9.37 ± 1.16^cd	9.60 ± 0.50^d	9.03 ± 0.56^bcd	7.27 ± 0.89^a	8.26 ± 0.46^abc	8.90 ± 0.48^bcd	7.99 ± 0.54^ab	9.40 ± 0.36*	8.11 ± 0.68	8.82 ± 0.83
	Glu	33.32 ± 0.41^cd	38.25 ± 1.88^e	34.77 ± 2.50^cde	37.25 ± 1.21^de	31.75 ± 2.48^c	26.23 ± 2.07^a	30.66 ± 0.69^bc	33.75 ± 0.47^cd	26.95 ± 2.87^ab	35.07 ± 2.70*	29.40 ± 3.49	32.55 ± 4.14
	Pro	7.39 ± 0.10^cde	7.77 ± 0.23^e	7.36 ± 0.86^cde	7.70 ± 0.31^de	6.98 ± 0.24^bcd	6.00 ± 0.61^a	6.31 ± 0.07^ab	6.94 ± 0.04^bc	6.44 ± 0.19^ab	7.44 ± 0.31*	6.42 ± 0.39	6.99 ± 0.63
	Gly	2.28 ± 0.04^c	2.22 ± 0.03^c	1.86 ± 0.16^b	1.87 ± 0.07^b	1.86 ± 0.12^b	1.52 ± 0.16^a	1.55 ± 0.07^a	1.84 ± 0.03^b	1.73 ± 0.10^b	2.02 ± 0.21*	1.66 ± 0.15	1.86 ± 0.26
	Ala	13.33 ± 0.12^cd	14.21 ± 0.53^d	12.50 ± 0.89^c	13.89 ± 0.40^d	12.57 ± 0.84^c	9.24 ± 0.72^b	11.02 ± 0.72^b	12.33 ± 0.32^c	11.19 ± 0.54^b	13.30 ± 0.77*	10.95 ± 1.27	12.25 ± 1.56
	His	2.73 ± 0.06^de	2.84 ± 0.13^e	2.66 ± 0.21^de	2.72 ± 0.12^de	2.51 ± 0.07^bcd	2.13 ± 0.20^a	2.29 ± 0.07^ab	2.57 ± 0.10^cd	2.42 ± 0.10^bc	2.69 ± 0.12*	2.35 ± 0.19	2.54 ± 0.23
	Arg	3.53 ± 0.27^f	3.05 ± 0.14^e	2.56 ± 0.19^d	2.43 ± 0.09^cd	2.54 ± 0.08^d	1.80 ± 0.21^a	2.01 ± 0.03^ab	2.46 ± 0.06^cd	2.21 ± 0.13^bc	2.82 ± 0.46*	2.12 ± 0.28	2.51 ± 0.52
EAA	Thr	6.83 ± 0.14^cde	7.29 ± 0.14^e	7.07 ± 0.55^de	7.04 ± 0.14^de	6.81 ± 0.46^cde	5.74 ± 0.56^a	6.34 ± 0.17^abc	6.57 ± 0.06^bcd	6.12 ± 0.44^ab	7.01 ± 0.20*	6.19 ± 0.35	6.65 ± 0.50
	Val	4.67 ± 0.07^e	4.81 ± 0.12^e	4.23 ± 0.26^cd	4.49 ± 0.07^de	4.07 ± 0.20^c	3.43 ± 0.43^a	3.61 ± 0.08^ab	4.29 ± 0.10^cd	3.94 ± 0.21^bc	4.46 ± 0.30*	3.82 ± 0.38	4.17 ± 0.46
	Met + Cys	2.93 ± 0.03^cd	3.14 ± 0.12^e	2.75 ± 0.23^bc	2.93 ± 0.14^cd	2.50 ± 0.09^a	2.43 ± 0.10^a	2.57 ± 0.01^ab	3.11 ± 0.06^de	2.51 ± 0.03^a	2.85 ± 0.24	2.66 ± 0.31	2.76 ± 0.27
	Ile	4.28 ± 0.06^cde	4.48 ± 0.05^e	4.02 ± 0.21^cd	4.31 ± 0.04^de	3.93 ± 0.12^c	3.17 ± 0.44^a	3.40 ± 0.10^ab	3.99 ± 0.03^cd	3.54 ± 0.25^b	4.21 ± 0.22*	3.53 ± 0.35	3.90 ± 0.45
	Leu	17.19 ± 0.39^cd	18.49 ± 0.41^cd	16.66 ± 1.07^bc	19.01 ± 1.38^d	16.60 ± 0.72^bc	13.15 ± 1.96^a	13.16 ± 1.72^a	16.55 ± 0.24^bc	14.93 ± 0.97^ab	17.59 ± 1.10*	14.45 ± 1.63	16.19 ± 2.08
	Phe + Tyr	10.46 ± 0.24^b	11.39 ± 0.16^d	10.59 ± 0.53^bc	11.30 ± 0.27^cd	11.49 ± 0.46^d	8.64 ± 0.88^a	9.01 ± 0.20^a	10.51 ± 0.07^bc	11.10 ± 0.46^bcd	11.05 ± 0.49	9.81 ± 1.17	10.50 ± 1.03
	Lys	1.69 ± 0.04^e	1.35 ± 0.05^d	1.11 ± 0.03^bc	1.05 ± 0.02^b	1.08 ± 0.05^b	0.83 ± 0.06^a	0.87 ± 0.02^a	1.10 ± 0.03^bc	1.16 ± 0.04^c	1.26 ± 0.27	0.99 ± 0.16	1.14 ± 0.26
	Trp	1.33 ± 0.04^bc	1.37 ± 0.08^bc	1.18 ± 0.14^abc	1.37 ± 0.13^c	1.33 ± 0.05^bc	1.17 ± 0.13^ab	1.00 ± 0.13^a	1.31 ± 0.11^bc	1.32 ± 0.03^bc	1.32 ± 0.08	1.20 ± 0.15	1.26 ± 0.12
Total N-EAA		79.80	86.44	79.00	83.41	74.23	59.81	68.72	76.31	64.86	80.57	67.42	74.73
Total EAA		49.38	52.33	47.61	51.50	47.81	38.57	39.96	47.44	44.63	49.73	42.65	46.58

Note: Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation of triplicate samples; mean values with different superscripts in the same row are significantly different (P < .05).

*Means there are significantly different (P < .05) between the waxy group and non-waxy group within the same row.

Table 3. Amino acid content (AA, mg/g protein), amino acid score (AAS, %), and essential amino acid index (EAAI, %) of nine Chinese proso millet cultivars.

Cultivar		Thr	Val	Met + Cys	Ile	Leu	Phe + Tyr	Lys	Trp	EAAI
S	AA	50.69	34.66	21.70	31.76	127.49	77.57	12.54	9.87	83.18
	AAS	126.72	69.32	62.01	79.40	182.13	129.28	22.80	98.66
D	AA	51.72	34.13	22.28	31.76	131.20	80.82	9.57	9.72	81.28
	AAS	129.30	68.26	63.66	79.40	187.43	134.70	17.40	97.19
N2	AA	55.90	33.44	21.71	31.76	131.65	83.66	8.80	9.32	80.71
	AAS	139.75	66.88	62.03	79.40	188.08	139.44	15.99	93.24
N4	AA	54.89	35.02	22.85	33.63	148.25	88.12	8.17	10.68	84.52
	AAS	137.22	70.03	65.28	84.09	211.78	146.87	14.86	106.83
N8	AA	49.18	29.41	18.03	28.42	119.91	83.03	7.77	9.61	73.50
	AAS	122.95	58.83	51.51	71.04	171.30	138.38	14.13	96.07
J1	AA	48.29	28.87	20.43	26.65	110.67	72.71	7.01	9.84	71.08
	AAS	120.71	57.75	58.36	66.62	158.10	121.18	12.75	98.44
J3	AA	59.51	33.90	24.11	31.92	123.59	84.61	8.14	9.39	81.35
	AAS	148.78	67.79	68.89	79.81	176.65	141.01	14.79	93.89
J7	AA	53.89	35.22	25.54	32.74	135.73	86.15	9.03	10.74	85.22
	AAS	134.73	70.43	72.97	81.84	193.90	143.59	16.42	107.43
J9	AA	45.46	29.24	18.66	26.31	110.81	82.36	8.59	9.80	72.63
	AAS	113.64	58.47	53.30	65.77	158.31	137.27	15.62	97.97
Mean waxy	AA	52.48	33.33	21.31	31.47	131.70	82.64	9.37	9.84	80.64
	AAS	131.79	66.66	60.90	78.67	188.14	137.73	17.04	98.40
Mean non-waxy	AA	51.79	31.81	22.18	29.40	120.20	81.46	8.19	9.94	77.57
	AAS	129.47	63.61	63.38	73.51	171.72	135.76	14.89	99.43
Mean	AA	52.17	32.65	21.70	30.55	126.59	82.12	8.85	9.89	79.27
	AAS	130.42	65.31	62.00	76.37	180.84	136.86	16.08	98.86

Table 4. Contents of crude fat and fatty acid (%) in nine Chinese proso millet cultivars.

Cultivar	Crude fat	Palmitic acid (16:0)	Stearic acid (18:0)	Oleic acid (18:1)	Linoleic acid (18:2)	Linolenic acid (18:3)
S	2.59 ± 0.04^c	16.17 ± 0.73^f	2.60 ± 0.16^d	18.01 ± 1.45^a	60.74 ± 1.80^b	2.49 ± 0.05^d
D	3.77 ± 0.02^f	11.93 ± 0.22^d	1.75 ± 0.04^a	20.51 ± 0.80^b	64.23 ± 0.61^e	1.59 ± 0.20^bc
N2	3.00 ± 0.07^d	10.23 ± 0.18^a	2.70 ± 0.03^de	24.66 ± 0.07^e	61.47 ± 0.10^bc	0.94 ± 0.01^a
N4	1.70 ± 0.10^b	11.99 ± 0.62^d	2.81 ± 0.13^e	22.15 ± 0.37^c	61.48 ± 1.35^bc	1.58 ± 0.63^bc
N8	3.31 ± 0.11^e	14.74 ± 0.39^e	2.86 ± 0.14^e	21.69 ± 0.34^c	58.20 ± 0.01^a	2.51 ± 0.09^d
J1	1.58 ± 0.05^ab	10.46 ± 0.20^ab	2.23 ± 0.02^c	23.66 ± 0.12^de	62.64 ± 0.22^cd	1.00 ± 0.10^a
J3	1.54 ± 0.12^a	11.11 ± 0.25^bc	2.41 ± 0.03^c	23.95 ± 0.55^de	61.28 ± 0.77^bc	1.24 ± 0.05^ab
J7	1.65 ± 0.06^ab	11.39 ± 0.34^cd	1.95 ± 0.17^b	21.53 ± 0.63^bc	63.18 ± 0.68^de	1.95 ± 0.58^c
J9	2.61 ± 0.07^c	10.81 ± 0.43^abc	2.25 ± 0.01^c	23.30 ± 0.15^d	62.47 ± 0.30^cd	1.16 ± 0.03^ab
Mean waxy	2.87 ± 0.78	13.01 ± 2.39	2.54 ± 0.46	21.40 ± 2.43	61.23 ± 2.15	1.82 ± 0.67
Mean non-waxy	1.84 ± 0.51	10.94 ± 0.40	2.21 ± 0.19	23.11 ± 1.09	62.39 ± 0.80	1.34 ± 0.42
Mean	2.42 ± 0.84	12.09 ± 2.03	2.39 ± 0.38	22.16 ± 2.05	61.74 ± 1.71	1.61 ± 0.60

Note: Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation of triplicate samples; mean values with different superscripts in the same column are significantly different (P < .05).

Table 5. The content of total saponin (TSC), total phenolic (TPC), total flavonoid (TFC), and antioxidant activities of proso millet extracts.

Cultivar	TSC^a (mg/g)	TPC^b (mg/g)	TFC^c (mg/g)	Antioxidant activities
				DPPH (μM/g)^d	ABTS (μM/g)^d	FRAP (μM/g)^e
S	100.93 ± 2.46^a	9.28 ± 0.22^a	3.51 ± 0.05^a	15.65 ± 0.12^a	38.67 ± 0.61^a	50.59 ± 2.95^a
D	103.60 ± 2.73^ab	11.88 ± 0.12^b	5.61 ± 0.20^b	28.61 ± 0.44^b	65.47 ± 1.35^b	64.61 ± 0.38^b
N2	108.89 ± 2.18^b	18.00 ± 0.38^ef	6.46 ± 0.30^c	41.28 ± 0.80^e	76.25 ± 1.04^d	89.91 ± 1.23^de
N4	119.82 ± 3.67^c	16.32 ± 0.49^d	7.33 ± 0.39^d	40.76 ± 1.14^e	73.58 ± 0.76^c	90.77 ± 0.48^de
N8	109.29 ± 4.47^b	17.78 ± 0.15^e	5.50 ± 0.42^b	41.17 ± 0.97^e	75.30 ± 1.16^cd	85.26 ± 0.80^c
J1	162.11 ± 5.97^e	18.84 ± 0.91^fg	5.03 ± 0.20^b	41.05 ± 0.45^e	98.14 ± 2.03^f	91.80 ± 0.33^e
J3	133.37 ± 4.12^d	19.05 ± 0.62^g	5.45 ± 0.59^b	39.87 ± 1.52^de	104.16 ± 1.95^g	117.54 ± 0.88^g
J7	132.26 ± 1.31^d	18.24 ± 0.50^efg	5.21 ± 0.35^b	38.47 ± 0.64^d	82.64 ± 1.54^e	98.30 ± 1.94^f
J9	116.75 ± 1.99^c	13.65 ± 0.72^c	5.11 ± 0.41^b	33.52 ± 2.46^c	67.63 ± 1.54^b	88.48 ± 0.71^d
Mean waxy	108.51 ± 7.25	14.65 ± 3.88	5.68 ± 1.42	33.50 ± 11.34	65.85 ± 15.78	76.23 ± 17.84
Mean non-waxy	136.12 ± 18.91*	17.44 ± 2.55	5.20 ± 0.18	38.23 ± 3.31	88.14 ± 16.41	99.03 ± 13.00
Mean	120.78 ± 19.29	15.89 ± 3.49	5.47 ± 1.04	35.60 ± 8.64	75.76 ± 19.07	86.36 ± 19.15

Note: Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation of triplicate samples; means in a column with different letters differ significantly (P < .05); a, b and c are expressed as mg oleanolic acid equivalents; gallic acid equivalents, and rutin equivalents per gram of extracts, respectively; d and e are expressed as μmol Trolox and FeSO₄ equivalents per gram of extracts, respectively.

*Means there are significantly different (P < .05) between the waxy group and non-waxy group within the same column.

Figure 1. Cytotoxicity towards MDA-MB-231-Breast Cell Lines (a) and per cent inhibition of MDA-MB-231-Breast Cell Lines’ proliferation (b) by extracts (0–500 μg/mL) from nine varieties of Chinese proso millets. The error bars represent one standard deviation.

Figure 2. EC₅₀ of antiproliferative activity by nine Chinese proso millet extracts (mean ± SD, n = 3). Cultivars with no letters in common are significantly different (P < .05).

Table 6. The correlation of antioxidant activity and antiproliferative activity.

	DPPH	ABTS	FRAP
ABTS	0.820**
FRAP	0.827**	0.895**
EC50 value of antiproliferative activity	−0.587	−0.858**	−0.707*

**Correlation is significant at the .01 level.

*Correlation is significant at the .05 level (two-tailed).