Depression and HIV risk among men who have sex with men in Tanzania

Figures & data

Table 1. Results of bivariate analysis between depression and variables in each domain.

Demographics	Not depressed		Depressed		Total		PR^a	95% CI^b	P-value
	N	%	N	%	N	%
City	110		95		205		1.23	0.86–1.73	0.215
Dar es Salaam (DES)	71	50.7%	69	49.3%	140	68.3%
Tanga^c	39	60.0%	26	40.0%	65	31.7%
Currently employed	110		95		205		1.01	0.69–1.49	0.957
Yes	90	53.6%	78	46.4%	168	82.0%
No^c	20	54.1%	17	45.9%	37	18.0%
Self-identified sexual orientation	106		94		200		1.90	1.24–2.91	0.001
Gay/homosexual	64	45.4%	77	54.6%	141	70.5%
Bisexual^c	42	71.2%	17	28.8%	59	29.5%
Education	110		95		205		0.82	0.59–1.15	0.239
Primary school or less	41	59.4%	28	40.6%	69	33.7%
Sec school or more^c	69	50.7%	67	49.3%	136	66.3%
Ever had a meaningful sexual relationship with a female	110		95		205		0.73	0.55–0.97	0.038
Yes	81	58.7%	57	41.3%	138	67.3%
No^c	29	43.3%	38	56.7%	67	32.7%
Age	23.99^d	5.27^e	24.74^d	5.3^e	24.71^d	5.21^e		24.00–25.42	0.314
Abuse and stigma
Ever been a victim of sexual abuse	110		95		205		1.53	1.16–2.04	0.007
Yes	19	37.3%	32	62.7%	51	24.9%
No^c	91	59.1%	63	40.9%	154	75.1%
Ever been a victim of physical abuse	110		95		205		1.58	1.20–2.10	0.003
Yes	21	36.8%	36	63.2%	57	27.8%
No^c	89	60.1%	59	39.9%	148	72.2%
Ever been a victim of verbal abuse	110		95		205		1.95	1.44–2.63	<0.001
Yes	31	35.6%	56	64.4%	87	42.4%
No^c	79	66.9%	39	33.1%	118	57.6%
IH	23.25^d	8.19^e	21.77^d	7.52^e	23.03^d	7.87^e		21.95–24.12	0.184
Sexual behavior
Used condom with most recent transactional sex	97		89		186		1.35	0.95–1.93	0.069
Did not use condom	59	47.6%	65	52.4%	124	66.7%
Used condom^c	38	61.3%	24	38.7%	62	33.3%
Condom use in receptive anal sex with last three partners	110		95		205	100.0%	2.31	1.68–3.18	<0.001
Did not use condom	30	32.6%	62	67.4%	92	44.9%
Used condom^c	80	70.8%	33	29.2%	113	55.1%
Condom use in insertive anal sex with last three partners	110		95		205	100.0%	0.61	0.39–0.98	0.02
Did not use condom	31	68.9%	14	31.1%	45	22.0%
Used condom^c	79	49.4%	81	50.6%	160	78.0%
Number of people you have had sex with in past 6 months	4.97^d	5.18^e	10.68^d	16.27^e	7.86^d	11.02^e		6.59–9.13	0.001
Sexual diseases
HIV status	97		79		176		1.84	1.36–2.48	<0.001
Positive	14	31.8%	30	68.2%	44	25.0%
Negative^c	83	62.9%	49	37.1%	132	75.0%
Current diagnosis of STI	104		86		190		1.26	0.88–1.79	0.235
Positive	16	45.7%	19	54.3%	35	18.4%
Negative^c	88	56.8%	67	43.2%	155	81.6%
Ever been tested for HIV	108		93		201		0.93	0.66–1.33	0.703
Yes	86	54.4%	72	45.6%	158	78.6%
No^c	22	51.2%	21	48.8%	43	21.4%
MSM network size	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD		95% CI^b	P-value
How many gay men over 15 years whom you know by name	13.66	15.99	19.33	21.31	15.45	17.73		13.02–17.88	0.039
How many of these have you seen in the past one month	7.53	9.81	14.38	17.47	10.54	13.63		8.67–12.41	0.001
How many gays do you consider as close friends	3.41	3.62	4.36	7.00	3.68	4.86		3.01–4.35	0.236

^aPR, prevalence ratio.

^b95% confidence interval.

^cThe reference category for computing the prevalence ratio. The prevalence ratio is computed by dividing the prevalence of depression in the main group by the reference group. For example, for the city variable prevalence ratio is 49.3%/40.0% = 1.23.

^dMean.

^eStandard deviation; SD, standard deviation; N,  sample.

Table 2. Multiple poisson regression showing factors associated with depression as the dependent variable.

Poisson regression with robust estimators	APR^a	LCL^b	UCL^c	P-value
How many gay men that you know have you seen in the past one month	1.01	1.00	1.02	0.06
No of different men you have had sex with in the past 6 months	1.01	1.00	1.01	0.141
IH	1.01	1.00	1.04	0.32
Ever had a meaningful sexual relationship with a woman (Yes vs. No^d)	1.00	0.67	1.25	0.579
Ever been a victim of verbal abuse (Yes vs. No ^d )	1.91	1.30	2.81	0.001
Ever been a victim of sexual abuse (Yes vs. No^d)	1.11	0.82	1.52	0.501
HIV status (Positive vs. Negative^d)	1.33	1.00	1.86	0.102
Self-identified sexual relationship (Homosexual vs. bisexual^d)	1.15	0.67	1.97	0.623
Used condom with most recent transactional partner (Did not use condom vs. Used condom^d)	1.34	0.91	1.96	0.134
Used condom in receptive anal sex with last three partners (Did not use condom vs. Used condom^d)	1.33	0.88	2.01	0.177
Used condom in insertive anal sex with last three partners (Did not use condom vs. Used condom^d)	1.05	0.61	1.81	0.86

^aAPR = adjusted Prevalence Ratio. Each variable was adjusted for all the other variables in the table.

^bLCL = 95% lower confidence level.

^cUCL = 95% upper confidence level.

^dReference category for each variable. For example, those who have ever experienced verbal abuse were 1.9 times more likely to be depressed than those who have never experienced verbal abuse.