Depression and HIV risk among men who have sex with men in Tanzania

References

• Adewuya, A. O., Ola, B. A., & Afolabi, O. O. (2006). Validity of the patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9) as a screening tool for depression amongst Nigerian university students. Journal of Affective Disorders, 96(1), 89–93. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2006.05.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, A. M., Ross, M. W., Nyoni, J. E., & McCurdy, S. A. (2015). High prevalence of stigma-related abuse among a sample of men who have sex with men in Tanzania: Implications for HIV prevention. AIDS Care, 27(1), 63–70. doi: 10.1080/09540121.2014.951597
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrade, L., Caraveo-Anduaga, J. J., Berglund, P., Bijl, R. V., & Dragomericka, E. (2003). The epidemiology of major depressive episodes: Results from the international consortium of psychiatric epidemiology (ICPE) surveys. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatry Research, 12, 3–21. doi: 10.1002/mpr.138
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baral, S., Adams, D., Lebona, J., Kaibe, B., Letsie, P., Tshehlo, R., … Beyrer, C. (2011). A cross-sectional assessment of population demographics, HIV risks and human rights contexts among men who have sex with men in Lesotho. Journal of International AIDS Society, 14, 36. doi:10.1186/1758-2652-14-36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baral, S., Trapence, G., Motimedi, F., Umar, E., Iipinge, S., Dausab, F., & Beyrer, C. (2009). HIV prevalence, risks for HIV infection, and human rights among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Malawi, Namibia, and Botswana. Plos One, 4(3), e4997. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004997
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baral, S. D., Ketende, S., Mnisi, Z., Mabuza, X., Grosso, A., Sithole, B., … Adams, D. (2013). A cross-sectional assessment of the burden of HIV and associated individual- and structural-level characteristics among men who have sex with men in Swaziland. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 16 (4 Suppl. 3), 18768. doi:10.7448/IAS.16.4.18768
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barros, A. J., & Hirakata, V. N. (2003). Alternatives for logistic regression in cross-sectional studies: An empirical comparison of models that directly estimate the prevalence ratio. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 3, 21. doi:10.1186/1471-2288-3-21
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cochran, S. D., & Mays, V. M. (2000). Lifetime prevalence of suicide symptoms and affective disorders among men reporting same-sex sexual partners: Results from NHANES III. American Journal of Public Health, 90(4), 573–578. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.90.4.573
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fendrich, M., Avci, O., Johnson, T. P., & Mackesy-Amiti, M. E. (2013). Depression, substance use and HIV risk in a probability sample of men who have sex with men. Addictive Behaviors, 38(3), 1715–1718. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.09.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heckathorn, D. D. (1997). Respondent-driven sampling: A new approach to the study of hidden populations. Social Problems, 44(2), 174–199. doi: 10.2307/3096941
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heckathorn, D. D. (2002). Respondent-driven sampling II: Deriving valid population estimates from chain-referral samples of hidden populations. Social Problems, 49(1), 11–34. doi: 10.1525/sp.2002.49.1.11
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Itaborahy, L. P., & International Lesbian, Gay, Trans and Intersex Association. (2012). State-sponsored homophobia: A world survey of laws prohibiting same sex activity between consenting adults. Brussels, ILGA. Retrieved from http://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2012.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Johnston, L. G., Holman, A., Dahoma, M., Miller, L. A., Kim, E., Mussa, M., … Sabin, K. (2010). HIV risk and the overlap of injecting drug use and high-risk sexual behaviors among men who have sex with men in Zanzibar (Unguja), Tanzania. International Journal on Drug Policy, 21(6). doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2010.06.001
   Google Scholar
• Kelly, B., Raphael, B., Judd, F., Perdices, M., Kernutt, G., Burrows, G. D., … Dunne, M. (1998). Psychiatric disorder in HIV infection. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 32, 441–453. doi:10.3109/00048679809065539
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroenke, K., & Spitzer, R. L. (2009). The PHQ-9: A new depression and diagnostic severity measure. Psychiatric Annals, 32, 509–515. doi: 10.3928/0048-5713-20020901-06
   Google Scholar
• Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (2001). The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16(9), 606–613. doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lhomond B., & Saurel-Cubizolles, M. J. (2009). Orientation sexuelle et santé mentale: une revue de la littérature [Sexual orientation and mental health: a review]. Revue D'epidémiologie Et De Santé Publique, 57(6), 437–450. doi:10.1016/j.respe.2009.07.068
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mao, L., Kidd M. R., Rogers G., Andrews G., Newman C. E., Booth A., & Kippax, S. C. (2009). Social factors associated with major depressive disorder in homo-sexually active, gay men attending general practices in urban Australia. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 33, 83–86. doi:10.1111/j.1753-6405.2009.00344.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayer, K. H., Wheeler, D. P., Bekker, L.-G., Grinsztejn, B., Remien, R. H., Sandfort, T. G. M., & Beyrer, C. (2013). Overcoming biological, behavioral and structural vulnerabilities: New directions in research to decrease HIV transmission in men who have sex with men. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, 63(2), S161–S167. doi:10.1097/QAI.0b013e318298700e
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Monahan, P. O., Shacham, E., Reece, M., Kroenke, K., Ong'or, W. O., Omollo, O., … Ojwang, C. (2009). Validity/reliability of PHQ-9 and PHQ-2 depression scales among adults living with HIV/AIDS in Western Kenya. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 24(2), 189–197. doi:10.1007/s11606-008-0846-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moussavi, S., Chatterji, S., Verdes, E., Tandon, A., Patel, V., & Ustun, B. (2007). Depression, chronic diseases, and decrements in health: Results from the World Health Surveys. The Lancet, 370, 851–858. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61415-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray, C. J. L., Lopez, A. D., Mathers, C. D., & Stein, C. (2001). The global burden of disease 2000 project: Aims, methods and data sources. Geneva: WHO. Retrieved from: http://www.who.int/healthinfo/paper36.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Ola, B. A., Adewuya, A. O., Ajayi, O. E., Akintomide, A. O., Oginni, O. O., & Ologun, Y. A. (2006). Relationship between depression and quality of life in Nigerian outpatients with heart failure. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 61, 797–800. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2006.04.022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perdue, T., Hagan, H., Thiede, H., & Valleroy, L. (2003). Depression and HIV risk behavior among Seattle-area injection drug users and young men who have sex with men. AIDS Education and Prevention, 15 (1), 81–92. doi:10.1521/aeap.15.1.81.23842
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piwowar-Manning, E., Tustin, N., Sikateyo, P., Kamwendo, D., Chipungu, C., Maharaj, R., … Jackson, J. B. (2010). Validation of rapid HIV antibody tests in five African countries. Journal of the International Association of Physicians in AIDS Care (Chicago, Ill. : 2002), 9(3), 170–172. doi:10.1177/1545109710368151
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pratt, L. A., & Brody, D. J. (2008). Depression in the United States household population, 2005–2006. NCHS Data Brief, (7): 1–8. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db07.pdf
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reisner, S. L., Mimiaga, M. J., Skeer, M., Bright, D., Cranston, K., Isenberg, D., … Mayer, K. H. (2009). Clinically significant depressive symptoms as a risk factor for HIV infection among black MSM in Massachusetts. AIDS and Behavior, 13(4), 798–810. doi:10.1007/s10461-009-9571-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberger, P. H., Bornstein, R. A., Nasrallah, H. A., Para, M. F., Whitaker, C. C., Fass, R. J., & Rice, R. R. (1993). Psychopathology in human immunodeficiency virus infection: Lifetime and current assessment. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 34 (3), 150–158. doi:10.1016/0010-440X(93)90041-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross, M. W., Nyoni, J., Ahaneku, H. O., Mbwambo, J., McClelland, R. S., & McCurdy, S. A. (2014). High HIV seroprevalence, rectal STIs and risky sexual behaviour in men who have sex with men in Dar es Salaam and Tanga, Tanzania. BMJ Open, 4(8), e006175. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006175
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross, M. W., Nyoni, J., Bowen, A. M., Williams, M. L., & Kashiha, J. J. (2012). Sexual and geographic organisation of men who have sex with men in a large East African city: Opportunities for outreach. BMJ Open, 2(6), e001813. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001813
   Google Scholar
• Ross, M. W., & Rosser, B. R. S. (1996). Measurement and correlates of internalized homophobia: A factor analytic study. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 52, 15–21. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4679(199601)52:1 < 15::AID-JCLP2>3.0.CO;2-V
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross, M. W., Smolenski, D. J., Kajubi, P., Mandel, J. S., McFarland, W., & Raymond, H. F. (2010). Measurement of internalized homonegativity in gay and bisexual men in Uganda: Cross-cultural properties of the Internalized Homonegativity Scale. Psychology, Health and Medicine, 15, 159–165. doi:10.1080/13548500903527746
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salganik, M. J. (2006). Variance estimation, design effects, and sample size calculations for respondent-driven sampling. Journal of Urban Health : Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 83(Suppl. 1), 98–112. doi:10.1007/s11524-006-9106-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandfort, T. G., de Graaf, R., Bijl, R. V., & Schnabel, P. (2001). Same-sex sexual behavior and psychiatric disorders: Findings from the Netherlands mental health survey and incidence study (NEMESIS). Archives of General Psychiatry, 58 (1): 85–91. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.58.1.85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semugoma, P., Nemande, S., & Baral, S. D. (2012). The irony of homophobia in Africa. The Lancet, 380(9839), 312–314. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60901-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shidlo, A. (1994). Internalized homophobia: Conceptual and empirical issues in measurement. In B. Greene & G. M. Herek (Eds.), Lesbian and gay psychology: Theory, research, and clinical practice (Vol. 1, pp. 176–205). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Singer, J. D., & Willett, J. B. (2003). Applied longitudinal data analysis: Modeling change and event occurrence. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Smolenski, D. J., Diamond, P. M., Ross, M. W., & Simon Rosser, B. R. (2010). Revision, criterion validity, and multi-group assessment of the reactions to homosexuality scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 92(6), 568–576. doi:10.1080/00223891.2010.513300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoloff, K., Joska, J. A., Feast, D., De Swardt, G., Hugo, J., Struthers, H., … , Rebe, K. (2013). A description of common mental disorders in men who have sex with men (MSM) referred for assessment and intervention at an MSM clinic in Cape Town, South Africa. AIDS and Behavior, 17 (1), 77–81. doi:10.1007/s10461-013-0430-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tucker, A., Liht, J., de Swardt, G., Jobson, G., Rebe, K., McIntyre, J., & Struthers, H. (2013). An exploration into the role of depression and self-efficacy on township men who have sex with men's ability to engage in safer sexual practices. AIDS Care, 25(10), 1227–1235. doi:10.1080/09540121.2013.764383
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tucker, A., Liht, J., de Swardt, G., Jobson, G., Rebe, K., McIntyre, J., & Struthers, H. (2014). Homophobic stigma, depression, self-efficacy and unprotected anal intercourse for peri-urban township men who have sex with men in Cape Town, South Africa: A cross-sectional association model. AIDS Care, 26 (7), 882–889. doi:10.1080/09540121.2013.859652
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar