MNEs and flexible working practices in Mauritius

Figures & data

Table 1 Flexible working and labour management practices scales.

	MSP
Scale/variable	Mean	H	Alpha
FLEX	2.50	0.55	0.74
Prevalence of the following flexible working arrangements
Jog sharing (0–5)	1.14	0.54	0.64
Flexi-time (0–5)	0.89	0.47	0.74
Home-based work (0–5)	0.17	0.63	0.72
Tele-working (0–5)	0.36	0.63	0.58
SHRM	9.58	0.68	0.83
The head of the Personnel/HR department have a place on the main Board of Directors (0–1)	0.45	0.47	0.84
In setting up business strategy the Personnel/HR manager is not consulted, involved in implementation, through earlier stages, from the outset (0–3)	1.78	0.28	0.88
HR department has primary responsibility for major policy decisions on the following issues
Pay and benefits (0–3)	1.58	0.78	0.77
Recruitment and selection (0–3)	1.67	0.76	0.78
Training and development (0–3)	1.64	0.77	0.78
Industrial relations (0–3)	1.97	0.78	0.77
Workforce expansion/reduction (0–3)	1.50	0.78	0.78
EEIN	2.62	0.63	0.76
In appraisal subordinates provide formal input (0–1)	0.12	0.43	0.80
More than 50% of employees have received training (internally, externally, or both) (0–2)	0.72	0.52	0.82
For transferring knowledge inside the organization employees are rewarded by
Personal acknowledgement of employee contribution (0–1)	0.53	0.60	0.73
Professional and personal development opportunities (0–1)	0.42	0.75	0.66
Pay increments/bonuses (0–1)	0.47	0.78	0.64
Promotion (0–1)	0.47	0.73	0.66

Notes: MSP denotes Mokken Scaling Program. H is Loevinger's coefficient of homogeneity (weighted); all H-coefficients are significantly different from zero at the 0.01 level. Alpha is Cronbach's α measure of reliability.

Table 2 Summary statistics.

Code	Definition	Full sample	DOMC	MNEA	MNEN
FLEX	Flexible working practices indicator ranging between 0 and 20	2.508 (3.269)	2.055 (2.945)	1.933 (2.120)	6.071 (4.178)
SIZE	Dichotomous variable with 1 denoting firms above the median size and 0 otherwise	0.567 (0.498)	0.593 (0.494)	0.533 (0.516)	0.428 (0.514)
AGE	Dichotomous variable with 1 denoting firms above the median age and 0 otherwise	0.683 (0.467)	0.681 (0.468)	0.800 (0.414)	0.571 (0.514)
SERV	Dichotomous variable with 1 denoting firms in the service sector and 0 otherwise	0.508 (0.502)	0.483 (0.502)	0.600 (0.507)	0.572 (0.513)
MANU	Dichotomous variable with 1 denoting firms in the manufacturing sector and 0 otherwise	0.158 (0.366)	0.132 (0.340)	0.333 (0.488)	0.143 (0.363)
OTHR	Dichotomous variable with 1 denoting firms in the remaining sectors (construction, utilities) and 0 otherwise	0.333 (0.473)	0.385 (0.489)	0.067 (0.258)	0.286 (0.469)
PRCO	Dichotomous variable with 1 denoting private firms and 0 – public firms	0.633 (0.484)	0.593 (0.494)	0.600 (0.507)	0.928 (0.267)
AG25	Continuous variable denoting the share of employees of age 25 years or less	0.152 (0.221)	0.126 (0.208)	0.223 (0.213)	0.243 (0.279)
AG2545	Continuous variable denoting the share of employees of age between 26 and 45 years	0.604 (0.388)	0.665 (0.376)	0.304 (0.302)	0.530 (0.406)
AG45	Continuous variable denoting the share of employees of age 46 years or more	0.244 (0.276)	0.209 (0.259)	0.473 (0.236)	0.227 (0.327)
FEMS	Continuous variable denoting the share of women employees	0.418 (0.186)	0.417 (0.190)	0.461 (0.140)	0.376 (0.203)
EDHE	Continuous variable denoting the share of employees with high education or lower	0.734 (0.367)	0.808 (0.284)	0.647 (0.366)	0.349 (0.571)
EDGR	Continuous variable denoting the share of employees with higher education	0.160 (0.234)	0.115 (0.184)	0.252 (0.259)	0.352 (0.360)
EDPG	Continuous variable denoting the share of employees with post-graduate education	0.106 (0.191)	0.078 (0.160)	0.101 (0.166)	0.298 (0.288)
SHRM	Strategic HRM practices indicator ranging between 0 and 25	9.583 (5.149)	9.549 (5.147)	10.667 (5.640)	9.643 (4.765)
EEIN	Employer–employee interdependence indicator ranging between 0 and 7	2.625 (2.009)	2.253 (1.895)	3.267 (1.334)	4.357 (2.340)
Number of observations		120	91	15	14

Table 3 OLS analysis: factors affecting FLEX.

	Models
Variables	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)
SIZE	− 1.048* (0.629)	− 1.062* (0.574)	− 1.351** (0.585)	− 1.369** (0.580)
AGE	− 0.938 (0.689)	− 0.999 (0.625)	− 1.137* (0.634)	− 1.209* (0.639)
MANU	− 0.452 (0.860)	− 1.020 (0.795)	− 1.071 (0.789)	− 1.079 (0.98)
OTHR	0.187 (0.663)	0.263 (0.625)	0.657 (0.645)	0.706 (0.721)
PRCO	− 0.132 (0.635)	− 0.508 (0.606)	− 0.706 (0.618)	− 1.055* (0.626)
AG25	–	3.070** (1.348)	2.514* (1.339)	2.345* (1.300)
AG45	–	0.784 (1.035)	1.018 (1.030)	1.447 (1.021)
EDGR	–	− 2.263 (1.405)	− 2.769* (1.377)	− 3.412** (1.408)
EDPG	–	8.088*** (1.614)	8.508*** (1.609)	8.871*** (1.593)
FEMS	–	0.766 (1.528)	1.737 (1.529)	2.518* (1.532)
SHRM	–	–	0.099* (0.052)	0.105** (0.050)
EEIN	–	–	0.161 (0.157)	0.083 (0.153)
MNEA	–	–	–	− 0.301 (0.848)
MNEN	–	–	–	3.084*** (0.915)
No of obs.	120	120	120	120
Adj. R^2	0.062	0.287	0.315	0.387
F-Test		6.941***	2.512*	6.224***

Notes: For each regression variable, we report the estimated coefficient (marginal effect) and the standard error (in parentheses). The level of significance of estimated coefficients is indicated as follows: 1%***, 5%**, 10%*. F-Test measures the significance of Adj. R² changes from column to column.

Table 4 ML analysis: characteristics of MNEs.

	Type of MNE
	MNEA		MNEN
Variables	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)
SIZE	− 0.453 (0.764)	− 0.026 (0.050)	− 0.637 (0.858)	− 0.033 (0.049)
AGE	0.907 (0.890)	0.048 (0.046)	0.762 (0.939)	0.033 (0.040)
MANU	0.609 (0.783)	0.049 (0.072)	− 0.975 (1.188)	− 0.041 (0.046)
OTHR	− 1.596 (1.151)	− 0.082* (0.050)	− 0.676 (0.914)	− 0.028 (0.052)
PRCO	− 0.199 (0.807)	− 0.019 (0.053)	1.851 (1.282)	0.087* (0.052)
AG25	1.048 (1.495)	0.063 (0.091)	0.458 (1.556)	0.020 (0.081)
AG45	2.938** (1.255)	0.182** (0.085)	0.107 (1.497)	− 0.005 (0.078)
EDGR	1.684 (1.495)	0.097 (0.112)	1.971 (1.701)	0.098 (0.099)
EDPG	− 1.004 (2.343)	− 0.075 (0.145)	3.450** (1.654)	0.185** (0.088)
FEMS	1.759 (2.263)	0.120 (0.140)	− 2.758 (2.202)	− 0.152 (0.120)
SHRM	0.048 (0.065)	0.003 (0.004)	0.018 (0.070)	0.001 (0.004)
EEIN	0.299 (0.187)	0.017 (0.012)	0.527** (0.247)	0.026** (0.013)
No of obs.	120
Pseudo R^2	0.308

Notes: Domestic firms make up the reference category. For each regression variable, we report the estimated coefficient (columns 1 and 3), marginal effect (columns 2 and 4) and for each, the standard errors (in parentheses). The level of significance of estimated coefficients is indicated as follows: 1%***, 5%**, 10%*.

Table A1 Correlation matrix.

	SIZE	AGE	MANU	OTHR	PRCO	AG25	AG45
SIZE	1.00
AGE	0.21	1.00
MANU	0.06	0.05	1.00
OTHR	0.05	0.06	− 0.21	1.00
PRCO	− 0.00	− 0.12	0.09	0.02	1.00
AG25	− 0.02	− 0.18	0.10	− 0.07	0.21	1.00
AG45	0.04	0.12	0.12	− 0.10	0.00	0.11	1.00
EDGR	− 0.21	− 0.04	− 0.06	− 0.12	− 0.15	0.18	0.16
EDGR	− 0.05	− 0.00	0.09	− 0.12	0.03	0.11	0.09
FEMS	− 0.09	− 0.05	− 0.04	− 0.18	− 0.05	0.10	0.11
SHRM	0.21	0.22	0.04	− 0.13	− 0.07	0.05	0.04
EEIN	− 0.08	− 0.18	0.09	− 0.14	0.30	0.18	0.02
MNEA	− 0.02	0.10	0.18	− 0.21	− 0.03	0.12	0.22
MNEN	− 0.10	− 0.09	− 0.02	− 0.04	0.12	0.15	− 0.02
	EDGR	EDGR	FEMS	SHRM	EEIN	MNEA	MNEN
SIZE
AGE
MANU
OTHR
PRCO
AG25
AG45
EDGR	1.00
EDGR	0.31	1.00
FEMS	0.11	0.03	1.00
SHRM	− 0.05	− 0.09	− 0.12	1.00
EEIN	0.14	0.15	0.02	− 0.12	1.00
MNEA	0.15	− 0.01	0.09	0.08	0.12	1.00
MNEN	0.20	0.27	− 0.08	− 0.06	0.22	− 0.14	1.00