How do tangible and intangible rewards encourage employee voice? The perspective of dual proactive motivational pathways

Figures & data

Figure 1. Theoretical model.

Table 1. Descriptive statistics and inter-correlations among variables in Study 1a.

Variables	M	SD	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
1. Age	32.06	5.80
2. Gender	1.62	.49	−0.22* *
3. Intangible reward	.51	.50	.04	.06
4. Tangible reward	.50	.50	.11	−0.05	.007
5. Psychological safety	4.55	1.14	.07	.02	.33**	.30**
6. Organizational identification	5.21	1.24	.09	−0.009	.20**	.42*	.70**
7. Employee voice	5.13	1.03	.08	−0.05	.20*	.29**	.61**	.70**
8. General assertiveness	4.11	.93	.09	−0.04	.13*	−0.002	.34**	.25**	.38**

* p < .05.

** p < .01. Gender (1 = male, 2 = female). Intangible reward (0 = low reward, 1 = high reward). Tangible reward (0 = low reward, 1 = high reward).

Table 2. Descriptive statistics and inter-correlations among variables in Study 1b.

Variables	M	SD	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
Age	35.11	11.26
Gender	.59	.49	.09
Tangible reward	.51	.50	−0.04	−0.13*
Intangible reward	.49	.50	.10	.08	.02
Psychological safety	3.97	1.19	.01	−0.03	.13*	.28**
6. Organizational identification	4.13	1.21	.12*	.07	.16**	.34**	.56**
7. Employee voice	4.29	1.04	.04	−0.04	.22*	.21**	.55**	.53**
8. General assertiveness	3.95	1.27	.10	−0.12*	−0.05	.01	.11	.02	.18**

* p < .05. **p < .01. Gender: 0 = male, 1 = female. Tangible reward: 0 = low, 1 = high. Intangible reward: 0 = low, 1 = high.

Table 3. Descriptive statistics and inter-correlations among variables in Study 2.

Variables	M	SD	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
1. Age	36.10	9.92
2. Gender	.43	.50	.04
3. Tangible reward	.51	.50	−0.03	.04
4. Intangible reward	.49	.50	.008	.02	.008
5. Psychological safety	4.17	.96	.06	.12*	.21**	.39**
6. Organizational identification	4.99	1.33	−0.07	.05	.14**	.29**	.50**
7. Employee voice	4.96	1.31	−0.09	.01	.10*	.32**	.59**	.66**
8. General assertiveness	3.62	1.01	.02	−0.09	−0.04	.12	.10	−0.14*	−0.09

* p < .05. **p < .01. Gender: 0 = male, 1 = female. Tangible reward: 0 = low, 1 = high. Intangible reward: 0 = low, 1 = high.

Data availability statement

Dataset is available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.