Is it all about fun? Self-service technology acceptance in Germany

Figures & data

Figure 1. Research model.

Table 1. Latent construct correlation.

	Mean	Std.dev	Fun	Intention to Use	Perceived Usefulness	Trust	Reflektiv_ usefulness
Fun	3.89	1.12	1.000
Intention to Use	3.28	1.28	0.641**	1.000
Perceived Usefulness	3.76	1.20	0.680**	0.627**	1.000
Trust	3.55	1.12	0.599**	0.615**	0.573**	1.000
Reflektiv_usefulness	3.90	1.07	0.776**	0.697**	0.775**	0.615**	1.000

**Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

Table 2. Estimation results and significant differences between user types.

	Full model		Experienced		Inexperienced		Differences
	PC	f^2	PC	f^2	PC	f^2	in PC
H1Perc. Usefulness ➔Int.	0.295***	0.090	0.361***	0.152	0.190*	0.032	0.171***
H2 Fun ➔ Int.	0.310***	0.094	0.253*	0.075	0.376***	0.119	−0.123***
H3Trust ➔ Int.	0.241***	0.067	0.262***	0.095	0.245*	0.054	0.017^ns
Perc. Useful. ➔ Perc. Useful. (R)	0.818***	2.017	***p< 0.001; ** p< 0.01; * p< 0.05; ns: not significant

Table A1. Overview of the 26 reviewed paper.

Paper	Objective/ Technology	Basic Theory	Sample/Country	Findings
Bulmer, Elms, and Moore (2018)	Adoption of self-checkout	Paradoxes of Technology	20/New Zealand	Self-checkout fulfils needs (e.g. speed up) and create inefficiency (e.g. Technology failure). Shoppers can very quickly move from feeling competent to inept.
Collier et al. (2015)	Attitude toward using self- checkout	Resource Matching Theory	1154/USA	Shopping effectiveness has a significant strong positive impact and time pressure a significant negative impact on the attitude.
Dabholkar, Michelle Bobbitt, and Lee (2003)	Intention to use and avoid self-checkout	Own Model	150/USA	Ease of use and enjoyment were important to customers in using self-checkouts.
Demoulin and Djelassi (2016)	Customers’ intention to use and actual use of SST	Extended TAM 3	293/France	Situational factors (e.g. basket size, coupons and queue length at the SSTs and staffed checkouts) influence customers’ decisions to use SSTs.
Djelassi, Diallo, and Zielke (2018)	Satisfaction with self-scan or self-checkout	Own Model	714/France	SST experience evaluation and customer satisfaction toward the store is stronger for self-checkout than for self-scanning.
Eastlick et al. (2012)	Future Intention to use self-scan	Own Model	228/USA	Attitude toward co-producing the scanning service is a central constructleading to future intent to use.
Elliott, Meng, and Hall (2012)	Attitude toward using self-scan	TAM & TRI	1079/USA	Perceived Usefulness and perceived fun have the most significant impact on the attitude.
Elliott et al. (2013)	Intention to use self-scan	TRI	1079/USA	Perceived fun appears to be an important driver of intention to use self-scanning.
Fernandes and Pedroso (2017)	Intention to repatronage the Store (self-checkout)	Extended TAM	294/Portugal	Self-checkout attributes fun and ease of use have a significant impact on the perceived quality of self-checkout.
Inman and Nikolova (2017)	Adoption of self-checkout	Shopper-focused Decision Framework & TAM	306/USA	Perceived Usefulness has the highest impact on the adoption for scan & go and self-checkout.
Jia et al. (2012)	Trial intention of self-checkout	Regulatory Focus Theory	359/China	Functional and Experiential Value has the most significant impact on the trial intention.
Lee et al. (2010)	Intention to use self-checkout	Own Model	285/USA	Demographic factors (Gender, Age) only indirectly influence intention to use retail self-checkouts.
Lee, Fairhurst and Cho (2013)	Effect of consumer characteristics on service quality for self-checkout	Own Model	300/USA	Consumers evaluated service quality based on time convenience, ease of use, control for service use, and enjoyment
Lee (2017)	Intention to use self-checkout	LOC	823/Korea	The need for interaction with a retail employee is inversely associated with the intentions to use SSTs.
Leng and Wee (2016)	Comparison of users and non-users of self-checkout	Own Model	778/Singapore	In contrast to non-users, self-checkout users consider self-checkout as more fun and also see the relative advantage.
Leung and Matanda (2013)	Intention to use self-checkout	Self-Determination Theory	361/Australia	Self-determined motivation and autonomy has the highest impact on the intention to use self-checkout.
Marzocchi and Zammit (2006)	Intention to repurchase (self-scan)	Own Model	353/Italy	Enjoyment seemed to be the factor having the largest impact on satisfaction with self-scanning.
Mukerjee, Deshmukh, and Prasad (2019)	Likelihood to use selfcheckout	TRI & TAM	152/India	Perceived Usefulness and perceived ease of use has the highest impact on the likelihood to use self-checkout.
Orel and Kara (2014)	Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty (self-checkout)	SSTQUAL	275/Turkey	Service quality and satisfaction of self-checkout have a significant impact on customer loyalty.
Oyedele and Simpson (2007)	Intention to use self-checkout in different context	LOC	186/USA	Non-users of SSTs are more technologically anxious and more disposed to prefer check-out service personnel rather than self-service check out than users.
Sharma, Ueno and Kingshott (2021)	Comparison of the staff checkout with the self-checkout	Construal Level Theory	787/UK & Australia	Staff-checkout has a stronger positive effect on store satisfaction and loyalty, than the satisfaction with self-checkout.
Schweitzer and Simon (2021)	Consumer empowerment for self-checkout and self-scanning	Spreitzer four-dimension model	201/-	The study provide extensive description of the positive and negative manifestations of SSRT-based customer empowerment
Vučkovac et al. (2017)	Mobile Scan & Go Usage	Own model	Transaction data/Swiss	Half of all users regularly fail to make purchases because of time pressure and long queues. App users on average save 60 seconds during peak hours.
Wang, Harris, and Patterson (2012)	Actual choice between selfcheckout and personal service	Own Model	47 Interviews Australia	Perceived waiting time, perceived task complexity, and companion influence are the three situational factors that impact on a customer’s actual choice between self-service and personal service.
Wang, Harris, and Patterson (2013)	Intention and continued intention to use selfcheckout	Own Model	115/-	Habit, self-efficacy, and satisfaction affect SST usage over time in a retailing context.
Weijters et al. (2007)	Attitude towards self-scan	TAM	497/-	Perceived usefulness has the most significant impact on attitude, whereas perceived fun also has an effect on customer attitude towards self-scan.

Table B2. Overview measurement items.

Usefulness (formative)
U1	I save time by doing my own scanning.
U2	I have a better overview of my shopping basket.
U3	I have a better overview of my expenses.
Usefulness (reflective)
U4	Shopping with this system is advantageous.
U5	I imagine shopping with this system to be useful.
U6	Using this system makes my shopping easier.
U7	Shopping with this purchase is efficient for me.
Fun
F1	I think I would have fun shopping with this system
F2	I imagine shopping with this system to be interesting.
F3	Shopping with a scanner would be varied (gets me away from it all).
Trust
T1	I generally trust the technology of this system.
T2	I am not afraid that the system is not secure.
T3	I generally have the feeling that I can trust this system.
Intention to Use
IN1	I would like to use this system whenever possible.
IN2	I would not want to do without such a system.
IN3	I plan to replace “normal” purchasing with the system.

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