Shifting prime retailing pitches. A GIS analysis of the spatial adaptations in city centre retail markets

Figures & data

Table 1. Data variables and sources.

Variable	Data Source
Individual non-domestic property address	property address given in SAA Glasgow Valuation Roll dataset 1990–2018 and Lothian Valuation Roll data covering 1995; 2000; 2005; 2010 and 2017. property address given in VOA Non-domestic Rating Lists for Hull, Liverpool and Nottingham 2010 and 2017.
Latitude and longitude coordinates of non-domestic properties	Address Base Premium produced by Ordnance Survey. Good Plan Experian and Local Data Company records. HM Land Registry data records.
Non-domestic property occupier and use	occupier, fascia and use classification data recorded in Goad Plan Experian data for Edinburgh, Glasgow, Hull, Liverpool and Nottingham for 1998, 2000, 2005, 2007, 2012 and 2017. occupier, fascia, use classification, and move-in data recorded in Local Data Company data for Edinburgh, Glasgow, Hull, Liverpool and Nottingham for 2010 to 2018. occupier recorded in SAA Glasgow and Lothian published Non-domestic Valuation Rolls for 1 April 2000; 1 April 2005; 1 April 2010 and online 1 April 2017. CoStar lease data 1980–2018. vacancy status recorded in local authority business rate accounts and non-domestic empty/exempt lists. leaseholds recorded in HM Land Registry: commercial and corporate ownership data November 2017 to November 2019.
Property size^#	sizes recorded in online SAA Glasgow and Lothian electronic Non-domestic Valuation Roll for 2017. sizes recorded in VOA Non-domestic Rating Lists for Hull, Liverpool and Nottingham 2010 and 2017. sizes recorded in Goad Plan Experian data for Edinburgh, Glasgow, Hull, Liverpool and Nottingham for 1998, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2012 and 2017.
Rateable value	rateable values recorded in SAA Glasgow Valuation Roll dataset 1990–2018 and Lothian Valuation Roll data covering 1995; 2000; 2005; 2010 and 2017. rateable values recorded in VOA Non-domestic Rating Lists for Hull, Liverpool and Nottingham 2010 and 2017. rateable values recorded in CoStar for Hull, Liverpool and Nottingham for 2000 and 2005.
Individual domestic property address and latitude and longitude coordinates.	Address Base Premium produced by Ordnance Survey. listing date of domestic properties recorded in the online SAA Glasgow and Lothian Domestic Council Tax Roll. listing date of domestic properties recorded in online VOA Domestic Council Tax Lists.

^#Size data is used to work out the rateable value per square metre in terms of the Zone A rate for shops. Zoning is a measurement methodology used in the UK to compare shops of different sizes and layouts where the shop floor area is converted into the equivalent Zone A which is the most valuable zone at the front of the shop. Size data was not available for every shop, particularly in the earlier years. Table SF1 in the supplementary file details the extent of unknown Shop Zone A rateable values.

Table 2. Number and Variety of Non-Domestic Properties in Case Study Samples.

VERY BROAD USECATEGORIES	2000		2005		2010		2017		2000		2005		2010		2017		2000		2005		2010		2017
	Count	%	Count	%	Count	%	Count	%	Count	%	Count	%	Count	%	Count	%	Count	%	Count	%	Count	%	Count	%
	EDINBURGH								GLASGOW								NOTTINGHAM
Accommodation Services	17	1.6%	21	1.7%	28	2.2%	62	4.2%	8	0.3%	11	0.4%	13	0.5%	43	1.3%	6	0.5%	8	0.5%	17	0.8%	23	1.2%
Business, Commerce & Office	437	40.5%	489	40.0%	506	39.0%	602	41.0%	1487	46.8%	1008	36.1%	1100	39.7%	1378	41.3%	201	15.3%	369	24.0%	750	36.1%	526	27.6%
Entertainment, Leisure & Recreation	14	1.3%	16	1.3%	17	1.3%	16	1.1%	42	1.3%	42	1.5%	39	1.4%	42	1.3%	19	1.4%	25	1.6%	30	1.4%	29	1.5%
Food & Drink	103	9.6%	115	9.4%	117	9.0%	140	9.5%	204	6.4%	200	7.2%	215	7.8%	276	8.3%	165	12.6%	191	12.4%	211	10.1%	256	13.4%
Industrial	3	0.3%	2	0.2%	2	0.2%	3	0.2%	80	2.5%	36	1.3%	49	1.8%	20	0.6%	19	1.4%	28	1.8%	48	2.3%	34	1.8%
Other	10	0.9%	8	0.7%	4	0.3%	5	0.3%	42	1.3%	14	0.5%	15	0.5%	7	0.2%	7	0.5%	7	0.5%	18	0.9%	9	0.5%
Public and Social Value Services	7	0.6%	4	0.3%	9	0.7%	6	0.4%	16	0.5%	14	0.5%	17	0.6%	19	0.6%	11	0.8%	12	0.8%	21	1.0%	18	0.9%
Shops	401	37.2%	409	33.5%	376	28.9%	332	22.6%	988	31.1%	945	33.8%	897	32.4%	847	25.4%	753	57.4%	763	49.6%	739	35.5%	694	36.4%
Transport	2	0.2%	2	0.2%	4	0.3%	2	0.1%	23	0.7%	26	0.9%	28	1.0%	30	0.9%	25	1.9%	25	1.6%	27	1.3%	25	1.3%
Vacancies	84	7.8%	156	12.8%	236	18.2%	302	20.5%	286	9.0%	497	17.8%	396	14.3%	678	20.3%	106	8.1%	111	7.2%	219	10.5%	294	15.4%
KNOWN NON-DOMESTIC	1078	99.9%	1222	99.9%	1299	99.8%	1470	99.9%	3176	99.5%	2793	99.7%	2769	99.8%	3340	100.0%	1312	63.8%	1539	73.4%	2080	99.7%	1908	100.0%
UNKNOWN	1	0.1%	1	0.1%	3	0.2%	1	0.1%	15	0.5%	9	0.3%	6	0.2%	0	0.0%	745	36.2%	558	26.6%	6	0.3%	0	0.0%
TOTAL NON-DOMESTIC	1079		1223		1302		1471		3191		2802		2775		3340		2057		2097		2086		1908
VERY BROAD USECATEGORIES	2000		2005		2010		2017		2000		2005		2010		2017
	Count	%	Count	%	Count	%	Count	%	Count	%	Count	%	Count	%	Count	%
	HULL								LIVERPOOL
Accommodation Services	1	0.1%	1	0.1%	2	0.2%	2	0.2%	2	0.2%	2	0.2%	12	0.8%	16	1.2%
Business, Commerce & Office	114	16.2%	103	14.5%	208	22.2%	166	17.3%	70	8.5%	90	8.1%	369	24.1%	205	15.1%
Entertainment, Leisure & Recreation	8	1.1%	6	0.8%	15	1.6%	20	2.1%	13	1.6%	14	1.3%	20	1.3%	23	1.7%
Food & Drink	56	8.0%	65	9.2%	79	8.4%	96	10.0%	95	11.5%	103	9.2%	162	10.6%	202	14.9%
Industrial	0	0.0%	0	0.0%	1	0.1%	1	0.1%	1	0.1%	4	0.4%	8	0.5%	6	0.4%
Other	0	0.0%	0	0.0%	7	0.7%	3	0.3%	1	0.1%	0	0.0%	2	0.1%	3	0.2%
Public and Social Value Services	8	1.1%	9	1.3%	12	1.3%	9	0.9%	8	1.0%	12	1.1%	9	0.6%	7	0.5%
Shops	421	60.0%	409	57.8%	438	46.7%	393	41.0%	594	72.0%	606	54.3%	791	51.6%	582	42.8%
Transport	67	9.5%	4	0.6%	9	1.0%	10	1.0%	3	0.4%	3	0.3%	8	0.5%	9	0.7%
Vacancies	27	3.8%	111	15.7%	167	17.8%	258	26.9%	38	4.6%	283	25.3%	153	10.0%	306	22.5%
KNOWN NON-DOMESTIC	702	75.6%	708	76.3%	938	99.8%	958	100.0%	825	63.4%	1117	72.1%	1534	99.8%	1359	99.9%
UNKNOWN	226	24.4%	220	23.7%	2	0.2%	0	0.0%	477	36.6%	433	27.9%	3	0.2%	2	0.1%
TOTAL NON-DOMESTIC	928		928		940		958		1302		1550		1537		1361

Figure 1. Edinburgh: shop standard directional ellipses 2000–2017.

figure 2. Glasgow: shop standard directional ellipses 2000–2017.

Figure 3. Nottingham: shop standard directional ellipses 2000–2017.

Figure 4. Hull: Shop standard directional ellipses 2000–2017.

Figure 5. Liverpool: Shop standard directional ellipses 2000–2017.

Figure 6. Spatial analysis of shops (weighted by Rateable Value per square ITZA) in Edinburgh’s PRA.

Figure 7. Spatial analysis of shops (weighted by Rateable Value per square ITZA) in Glasgow’s PRA.

Figure 8. Spatial analysis of shops (weighted by Rateable Value per square ITZA) in Nottingham’s PSA.

Figure 9. Spatial analysis of shops (weighted by Rateable Value per square ITZA) in Hull’s PSA.

Figure 10. Spatial analysis of shops (weighted by Rateable Value per square ITZA) in Liverpool’s PSA.