Shifting prime retailing pitches. A GIS analysis of the spatial adaptations in city centre retail markets

References

• Alonso, W. (1964). Location and land use. toward a general theory of land rent. Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, T. K. (2009). Kernel density estimation and K-means clustering to profile road accident hotspots. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 41(3), 359–364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2008.12.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey, T. C., & Gatrell, A. C. (1995). Interactive spatial data analysis (Vol. 413). Longman Scientific & Technical.
   Google Scholar
• Benjamin, J. D., Boyle, G. W., & Sirmans, C. (1992). Price discrimination in shopping center leases. Journal of Urban Economics, 32(3), 299–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/0094-1190(92)90020-L
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berry, B. J. L. (1963). Commercial structure and commercial blight. Department of Geography, Research Paper 85. University of Chicago.
   Google Scholar
• Borchert, J. G. (1998). Spatial dynamics of retail structure and the venerable retail hierarchy. GeoJournal, 45(4), 327–336. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006976407047
   Google Scholar
• Brown, S. (1987). A perceptual approach to retail agglomeration. Area, 19(2), 131–140. https://www.jstor.org/stable/i20002431
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, S. (1989). Retail location theory: The legacy of Harold Hotelling. Journal of Retailing, 64(4), 450–470 https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A8193466/AONE?u=gogglescholar&sid=googleScholar&xid=0564b6ef.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, S. (1992). Retail location: A micro-scale perspective. Avebury.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, S. (1993). Retail location theory: Evolution and evaluation. The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research, 3(2), 185–229. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593969300000014
   Google Scholar
• Brown, M. G. (1999). Design and value: Spatial form and the economic failure of a mall. Journal of Real Estate Research, 17(1/2), 189–226. https://doi.org/10.1080/10835547.1999.12090970
   Google Scholar
• Brueckner, J. (1993). Inter-store externalities and space allocation in shopping-centers. Journal of Real Estate Finance & Economics, 7(1), 5–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01096932
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capello, R., Caragliuy, A., & Fratesi, U. (2015). Spatial heterogeneity in the costs of the economic crisis in Europe: Are cities sources of regional resilience? Journal of Economic Geography, 15(5), 951–972. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbu053
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carmona, M. (2021). The existential crisis of traditional shopping streets: the sun model and the place attraction pardigm. Journal of Urban Design. Early Online Publication. 1–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/13574809.2021.1951605
   Google Scholar
• CBRE. (2018). Weathering the perfect storm in UK retail real estate.
   Google Scholar
• Centre for Retail Research. (2022). Who’s gone bust in retail? “ See.“ https://www.retailresearch.org/whos-gone-bust-retail.html.
   Google Scholar
• Chainey, S., Tompson, L., & Uhlig, S. (2008). The utility of hotspot mapping for predicting spatial patterns of crime. Security Journal, 21(1–2), 4–28. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.sj.8350066
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christaller, W. (1933). Central Places in Southern Germany. ( translated by.) C. Baskin 1966. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs.
   Google Scholar
• Clapp, J. M., Ross, S. L., & Zhou, T. (2019). Retail agglomeration and competition externalities: Evidence from openings and closings of multiline department stores in the US. Journal of Business and Economic Studies, 37(1), 81–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/07350015.2016.1272460
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crosby, N., Hughes, C., Lizieri, C., & Oughton, M. (2005). A message from the oracle: The land use impact of a major in-town shopping centre on local retailing. Journal of Property Research, 22(2–3), 245–265. https://doi.org/10.1080/09599910500453848
   Google Scholar
• Dolega, L., & Celińska-Janowicz, D. (2015). Retail resilience: A theoretical framework for understanding town centre dynamics. Studia Regionalne i Lokalne, 60, 8–31. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/72319/
   Google Scholar
• Fang, Y., Mao, J., Liu, Q., & Huang, J. (2021). Exploratory space data analysis of spatial patterns of large-scale retail commercial facilities: The case of Gulou District, Nanjing, China. Frontiers of Architectural Research, 10(1), 17–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2020.02.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fotheringham, A., Brunsdon, C., & Charlton, M. (2000). Quantitative geography: Perspectives on spatial data analysis. SAGE Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Fotheringham, A. S., & Rogerson, P. A. (1993). GIS and spatial analytical problems. International Journal Geographical Information Systems, 7(1), 3–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/02693799308901936
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frodsham, M. (2016). Defining Investment Quality. Short Paper 29, January 2016. IPF.
   Google Scholar
• Greenhalgh, P., King, H., Muldoon-Smith, K., Adebayo, A., & Ellis, J. (2020). Using GIS to explore the potential of business rating data to analyse stock and value change for land administration: A case study of York. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 9(5), 321–344. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9050321
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimsey, B., Hopkinson, M., Hood, N., Pascoe, E., Shellard, C., Sadek, J., Cassidy, K., Dehullu, V., & Baker, M. (2018). In S. Crozier (Ed.), The Grimsey Review 2. vanishinghighstreet.com. http://www.vanishinghighstreet.com/wp-contents-uploads/2018/07/GrimseyReview2.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Grimsey, B., Turner-Mitchell, Shellard, C., Pascoe, E., Baker, M., Vasili, S., Hopkinson, M., Hood, N., & Sadek, J. (2013). The grimsey review: An alternative future for the high street. vanishinghighstreet.com. http://www.vanishinghighstreet.com/wp-contents/uploads/2016/03/GrimseyReview04.092.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Guy, C. M. (1998). Controlling new retail spaces: The impress of planning policies in Western Europe. Urban Studies, 35(5–6), 953–979. https://doi.org/10.1080/0042098984637
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guy, C. M. (1999). Retail location analysis. In M. Pacione (Ed.), Applied geography: principles and practises (pp. 450–462). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Guy, C. (2007). Planning for retail development: a critical view of the British experience. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Guy, C. (2008). Assessing the competition. Town and Country Planning, 77, 14–16.
   Google Scholar
• Haig, R. M. (1926). Toward an understanding of the metropolis: 11. the assignment of activities to areas in urban regions. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 40(May), 402–434. https://doi.org/10.2307/1885172
   Google Scholar
• Heidenreich, N., Schindler, A., & Sperlich, S. (2013). Bandwidth selection for kernel density estimation: A review of fully automatic selectors. ASTA Advances in Statistical Analysis, 97(4), 403–433. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10182-013-0216-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hotelling, H. (1929). Stability in Competition. The Economic Journal, 39(153), 41–57. https://doi.org/10.2307/2224214
   Google Scholar
• Jones, C., & Livingstone, N. (2017). Emerging implications of online retailing for real estate. Twenty-first century clicks and bricks. Journal of Corporate Real Estate, 17(3), 226–239. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCRE-12-2014-0033
   Google Scholar
• Kärrholm, M., Nylund, K., & Prieto de la Fuente, P. (2014). Spatial resilience and urban planning: Addressing the interdependence of urban retail areas. Cities, 36, 121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2012.10.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ko, K., & Jeong, S. (2007). Assessing the spatial distribution of urban parks using GIS. Landscape and Urban Planning, 82(1/2), 25–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2007.01.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kok, H. J. (2007). Restructuring retail property markets in Central Europe: Impacts on urban space. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 22, 107–126. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10901-006-9068-z
   Google Scholar
• Konishi, H. (2005). Concentration of competing retail stores. Journal of Urban Economics, 58, 488–512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2005.08.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamberton Smith Hampton and Revo. (2022). How can we deliver the recovery and renaissance of our towns. High Streets & Shopping Centres?.
   Google Scholar
• Lim, L. C., Berry, J., & Sieraki, K. (2013). Prime versus secondary real estate: When to buy and sell. Journal of Property Investment & Finance, 31(3), 254–266. https://doi.org/10.1108/14635781311322229
   Google Scholar
• Li, X., Zhang, L., & Liang, C. (2010). A GIS-based buffer gradient analysis on spatiotemporal dynamics of urban expansion in Shanghai and its major satellite cities. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 2, 1139–1156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2010.10.123
   Google Scholar
• Local Data Company. (2022). In GB Retail and Leisure Market Analysis. Full Year 2021. Local Data company.
   Google Scholar
• Martin, R., & Sunley, P. (2015). On the notion of regional economic resilience: Conceptualization and explanation. Journal of Economic Geography, 15(1), 1–42. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbu015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell, A. (2009). The ESRI guide to GIS analysis, volume 2: Spatial measurements and statistics (First e-book) ed.). ESRI Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nanda, A., Xu, Y., & Zhang, F. (2021). How would the COVID-19 pandemic reshape retail real estate and high streets through acceleration of E-commerce and digitalization? Journal of Urban Management, 10(2), 110–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jum.2021.04.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyström, M., & Folke, C. (2001). Spatial resilience of coral reefs. Ecosystems, 4(5), 406–417. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-001-0019-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Office of Deputy Prime Minister. (1996). PPG 6: Town centres and retail development. ODPM. June 1996
   Google Scholar
• Office of National Statistics and Ordnance Survey. (2019). High Streets in Great Britain. Office of National Statistics.
   Google Scholar
• Office of National Statistics and Ordnance Survey. (2020). High Streets in Great Britain: March, 2020. Office of National Statistics.
   Google Scholar
• Ordinance Survey. (2018). AddressBase Premium - Technical Specification. version 2.5
   Google Scholar
• Orr, A. M., Gardner, A., Jackson, C., & White, J. T. (2022a). Changing tenant covenant perceptions and flexibility in the lease model in UK city centres. Journal of Property Research, 1–24. Early Online Publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/09599916.2022.2057866
   Google Scholar
• Orr, A. M., Jackson, C., White, J. T., & Stewart, J. L. (2021). REPAIR case study cities: Selection rationale and context. REPAIR Working Paper. University of Glasgow.
   Google Scholar
• Orr, A. M., & Stewart, J. L. (2021). Classifying property use and ownership. REPAIR Working Paper. University of Glasgow.
   Google Scholar
• Orr, A. M., Stewart, J., & Gardner, A. (2022c). City centre real estate markets: Changing retail practice and adaptation, 2020-2021 (p. 10.5255/UKDA-SN-855943). UK Data Service. Data Collection].
   Google Scholar
• Orr, A. M., Stewart, J. L., Jackson, C., & White, J. T. (2022b). Ownership diversity and fragmentation: a barrier to urban centre resilience. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science. Early Online Publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083221124600
   Google Scholar
• PMA(2021). UK Retail Historic Time Series Data: Edinburgh, Glasgow, Hull, Liverpool and Nottingham. Property Market Analysis.
   Google Scholar
• Portas, M. (2011). The portas review: An independent review into the future of our high streets. Department for Business, Innovation and Skills.
   Google Scholar
• Porta, S., Strano, E., Iacoviello, V., Messora, R., Latora, V., Cardillo, A., Wang, F., & Scellato, S. (2009). Street centrality and densities of retail and services in Bologna, Italy. Environment and Planning. B, Planning & Design, 36(3), 450–465. https://doi.org/10.1068/b34098
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reilly, W. J. (1929). Methods for the study of retail relationships. University of Texas Bulletin.
   Google Scholar
• Reilly, W. J. (1931). The Law of Gravitation. Knickerbocker Press.
   Google Scholar
• Reimers V and Clulow V. (2004). Retail concentration: a comparison of spatial convenience in shopping strips and shopping centres. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 11(4), 207–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0969-6989(03)00038-9
   Google Scholar
• Savills. (2021) Retail and leisure insolvency activity, UK Retail Outlook Report – 2021,
   Google Scholar
• Scottish Office. (1998). NPPG 8: Town centres and retailing. October 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Sevtsuk, A. (2014). Location and agglomeration: The distribution of retail and food businesses in dense urban environments. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 34(4), 374–393. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739456X14550401
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverman, B. (1986). Density estimation for statistics and data analysis. Chapman and Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Songchitruksa, P., & Zeng, X. (2010). Getis-Ord spatial statistics to identify hot spots by using incident management data. Transportation Research Record Journal of Transportation Research Board, 2165(1), 42–51. https://doi.org/10.3141/2165-05
   Google Scholar
• Stahl, K. (1982). Location and spatial pricing theory with nonconvex transportation cost schedules. The Bell Journal of Economics, 13(2), 575–582. https://doi.org/10.2307/3003478
   Google Scholar
• Teale, M. (2012). The challenges of attracting investment back to the High Street. Journal of Urban Regeneration and Renewal, 6(2), 154–163.
   Google Scholar
• Thurstain-Goodwin, M., Haklay, M., Lloyd, D., Batty, M., Boott, R., Hyman, A., Batty, S., Tomalin, C., Sheppard, S., Curtis, S., Cardell, C., & Falk, N. (2002) Producing boundaries and statistics for town centres; London Pilot Study Technical Report; ODPM and Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis UCL.
   Google Scholar
• White, J. T., Hickie, J., Richardson, R., Jackson, C., & Orr, A. M. (2022) The experience economy in UK city centres: A multidimensional and interconnected response to the “death of the high street”?, REPAIR Working Paper. University of Glasgow.
   Google Scholar
• Wrigley, N., & Dolega, L. (2011). Resilience, fragility, and adaptation: New evidence on the performance of UK high streets during global economic crisis and its policy implications. Environment & Planning A, 43(10), 2337–2363. https://doi.org/10.1068/a44270
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, J., Zhu, J., Sun, Y., & Zhao, J. (2019). Delimitating urban commercial central districts by combining Kernel density Estimate and road intersections: A case study in Nanjing City, China. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-information, 8(2), 93–117. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8020093
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, T., & Clapp, J. M. (2015). The location of new anchor stores within metropolitan areas. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 50, 87–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2014.11.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar