Commonly consumed beverages associate with different lifestyle and dietary intakes

Figures & data

Figure 1. Differences in food and macronutrient intakes (%) between the highest and lowest intake levels of sugar sweetened beverages (SSB), juice, tea, coffee and artificially sweetened beverages (ASB) (g/MJ). All differences above or below zero indicate significant associations (p for trend < 0.002) across five intake levels (three levels for ASB) in the total study population (n = 25,112).

Table 1. Lifestyle characteristics according to five intake levels (g/MJ) of sugar sweetened beverages (SSB), juice, tea, coffee and three levels of artificially sweetened beverages (ASB) in the Malmö Diet and Cancer Study (n = 25,112).

	Beta (SE)	Seldom/zero Mean (CI)	Q1 Mean (CI)	Q2 Mean (CI)	Q3 Mean (CI)	Q4 Mean (CI)	p for trend
Sugar-Sweetened Beverages
n:		11,403	3427	3427	3427	3428
Mean intake (g/MJ)		0	1.94	6.16	13.22	36.33
Median intake (g/MJ)		0	2.15	6.04	12.91	29.69
Age (years)	−0.32 (0.03)	57.99 (57.86–58.13)	57.94 (57.69–58.20)	57.06 (56.81–57.30)	57.04 (56.78–57.29)	57.56 (57.30–57.81)	<0.001
Sex (%women)		62.05	61.19	61.02	60.23	57.91	0.001*
BMI (kg/m^2)	0.13 (0.02)	25.55 (25.47–25.62)	25.36 (25.23–25–48)	25.60 (25.23–25.48)	25.82 (25.69–25.96)	26.15 (26.02–26.29)	<0.001
Physical activity	32.20 (28.24)	8176 (7977–8374)	8176 (7977–8374)	7970 (7759–8181)	8224 (8007–8442)	8222 (7998–8447)	0.127
Total energy intake (MJ)	0.02 (0.002)	9.10 (9.05–9.15)	10.20 (10.11–10.29)	9.78 (9–69–9.87)	9.92 (9.83–10.02)	9.90 (9.80–10.0)	<0.001
Alcohol intake (g/MJ)	−0.47 (0.05)	11.27 (11.03–11.51)	10.79 (10.37–11.20)	11.12 (10.73–11.52)	11.26 (10.83–11.68)	9.27 (8.86–9.67)	<0.001
Smoking (% never smokers)		36.03	41.79	38.63	40.01	38.48	<0.001*
Education (% highest education)		16.08	14.85	14.44	12.23	11.44	<0.001*
Juice
n:		11,044	3517	3517	3517	3517
Mean intake (g/MJ)		0	0.45	5.29	13.23	28.98
Median intake (g/MJ)		0	0.08	5.05	13.08	25.42
Age (years)	−0.06 (0.03)	58.17 (58.03–58.31)	57.76 (7.51–58.02)	56.49 (56.25–56.73)	57.29 (57.04–57.55)	57.56 (57.30–57.81)	0.439
Sex (%women)		54.29	57.86	64.15	66.70	76.17	<0.001*
BMI (kg/m^2)	−0.03 (0.16)	25.84 (25.76–25.91)	25.53 (25.41–25.66)	25.58 (25.45–25.71)	25.40 (25.27–25.53)	25.49 (25.36–25.62)	0.065
Physical activity	68.97 (28.25)	7940 (7820–8059)	8159 (7959–8359)	8264 (7992–8536)	8389 (8174–8604)	8172 (7970–8674)	0.041
Total energy intake (MJ)	0.002 (0.002)	9.49 (9.44–9.55))	9.82 (9.72–9.91)	9.91 (9.82–10.0)	9.88 (9.79–9.96)	8.89 (8.81–8.96)	0.283
Alcohol intake (g/MJ)	0.13 (0.05)	10.47 (10.23–10.71)	12.89 (12.43–13.35)	11.46 (11.05–11.87)	11.35 (10.94–11.76)	9.33 (8.95–9.70)	0.975
Smoking (% never smokers)		34.81	36.14	40.66	43.08	42.48	<0.001*
Education (% highest education)		11.26	17.26	16.86	18.06	16.21	<0.001*
Tea
n:		11794	3329	3330	3329	3330
Mean intake (g/MJ)		0	5.26	14.56	28.52	74.96
Median intake (g/MJ)		0	5.25	14.49	27.66	61.40
Age (years)	−0.02 (0.03)	57.92 (57.79–58.06)	57.52 (57.27–57.78)	57.54 (57.28–57.80)	58.04 (57.78–58.30)	56.68 (56.42–56.93)	0.027
Sex (%women)		57.89	61.46	60.78	64.04	68.56	<0.001*
BMI (kg/m^2)	−0.11 (0.02)	25.89 (25.82–25.96)	25.42 (25.29–25.55)	25.65 (25.52–25.79)	25.47 (25.34–25.60)	25.20 (25.07–25.33)	<0.001
Physical activity	−0.007 (0.0008)	9.51 (9.46–9.56)	10.21 (10.12–10.31)	9.95 (9.86–10.04)	9.30 (9.22–9.40)	8-98 (8.90–9.06)	<0.001
Total energy intake (MJ)	−11.31 (2.49)	2273 (2261–2285)	2441 (2418–2464)	2378 (2356–2400)	2224 (2203–2244)	2147 (2127 (2167)	<0.001
Alcohol intake (g/MJ)	−0.29 (0.05)	11.33 (11.09–11.57)	10.71 (10.30–11.13)	11.27 (10.83–11.71)	10.58 (10–16–10.99)	9.58 (9.21–9.95)	<0.001
Smoking (% never smokers)		32.90	42.14	40.78	43.50	43.99	<0.001*
Education (% highest education)		10.30	15.02	16.31	17.21	24.56	<0.001*
Coffee	Beta (SE)	Q1 Mean (CI)	Q2 Mean (CI)	Q3 Mean (CI)	Q4 Mean (CI)	Q5 Mean (CI)
n:		2632	2798	3030	3260	3592
Mean intake (g/MJ)		10.82	31.35	48.27	69.72	131.77
Median intake (g/MJ)		11.85	31.17	48.32	68.98	113.11
Age (years)	−0.85 (0.03)	58.57 (58.36–58.78)	59.08 (58.88–59.29)	58.25 (58.04–58.46)	57.36 (57.16–57.57)	55.08 (54.89–55.27)	<0.001
Sex (%women)		52.41	55.71	60.32	63.91	71.51	<0.001*
BMI (kg/m^2)	0.13 (0.02)	25.556 (25.54–25.76)	25.53 (25.42–25.63)	25.55 (25.45–25.66)	25.73 (25.67–25.89)	25.78 (25.67–25.89)	<0.001
Physical activity	31.43 (31.43)	8391 (8251–8576)	8232 (8064–8400)	8122 (7957–8288)	8070 (7856–8285)	7742 (7565 (7920)	0.183
Total energy intake (MJ)	−0.02 (0.0005)	10.17 (10.09–10.26)	10.15 (10.07–10.23)	9.78 (9.71–9.85)	9.28 (9.21–9.35)	8.44 (8.38–8.51)	<0.001
Alcohol intake (g/MJ)	−0.27 (0.06)	11.64 (11.24–12.05)	11.74 (11.37–12.10)	10.98 (10.64–11.32)	10.66 (10.33–10.99)	9.52 (9.21–9.83)	<0.001
Smoking (% never smokers)		47.65	43.35	39.62	35.05	24.57	<0.001*
Education (% highest education)		16.21	13.94	13.98	14.45	14.53	<0.001*
Artificially sweetened beverages	Beta (SE)	Seldom/zero Mean (CI)	Medium Mean (CI)	High Mean (CI)
n:		22685	1213	1214
Mean intake (g/MJ)		0	4.08 (1.32)	21.12 (23.21)
Median intake (g/MJ)		0	4.05	13.37
Age (years)	−0.78 (0.10)	57.76 (57.66–57.85)	57.53 (57.11–57.94)	56.19 (55.78 (56.60)			<0.001
Sex (%women)		60.56	58.04	71.58			<0.001*
BMI (kg/m^2)	0.85 (0.05)	25.53 (25.48–25.58)	26.24 (26.02–26.46)	27.23 (26.97–27.49)			<0.001
Physical activity	−31.13 (88.79)	8132.19 (8045.17–8219.20)	8264.89 (7926.88–8602.90)	7574.21 (7242.17–7906)			0.665
Total energy intake (MJ)	−0.002 (0.0006)	9.57 (9.53–9.61)	10.25 (10.10–10.41)	8.76 (8.62–8.91)			0.001
Alcohol intake (g/MJ)	0.15 (0.16)	10.90 (10.74–11.07)	11.68 (10.99–12.37)	10.22 (9.51–10.94)			0.354
Smoking (% never smokers)		38.11	38.09	36.74			0.153*
Education (% highest education)		14.70	13.36	12.60			0.011*

Values are for mean (95% CI). p for trend adjusted for age, sex, season, method, BMI, leisure time physical activity, smoking, education and total energy intake.

* p value from Chi²-test.

Figure 2. Differences in food and macronutrient intakes (%) between the highest and lowest intake levels of sugar sweetened beverages (SSB), juice, tea and coffee (g/MJ). All differences above or below zero indicate significant associations (p for trend < 0.002) across five intake levels in all men (n = 9 800).

Figure 3. Differences in food and macronutrient intakes (%) between the highest and lowest intake levels of sugar sweetened beverages (SSB), juice, tea and coffee (g/MJ). All differences above or below zero indicate significant associations (p for trend <0.002) across five intake levels in all women (n = 15 312).