Which clinical and sociodemographic determinants are associated with self-perceived manual ability at one year after stroke?

Figures & data

Figure 1. Study flow chart.

Table 1. Demographic and clinical characteristics in 68 participants at one year post stroke.

Demographics
Age, mean years (SD; range)	66 (12; 38–89)
Gender (male), n (%)	41 (60)
Living situation (living alone), n (%)	25 (37)
Vocational situation (not working), n (%)	55 (81)
Stroke characteristics at onset
Stroke type, n (%)
Ischemic	54 (79)
Hemorrhagic	14 (21)
Side of paresis (right), n (%)	30 (44)
Affected side (dominant), n (%)	31 (46)
Stroke severity (NIHSS total)
Mild (<5), n (%)	27 (40)
Moderate (5–14), n (%)	32 (47)
Severe (>14), n (%)	9 (13)
Median (quartiles)	6.5 (3–11)
UE stroke severity (NIHSS item 5), median (quartiles)	2 (1–4)
Disability at discharge
Disability (mRS)
Slight (2), n (%)	9 (13)
Moderate (3–4), n (%)	59 (87)
Median (quartiles)	3 (3–4)
UE disability at 12 months post stroke
Motor function (FMA-UE), median (quartiles)	61 (46–66)
Sensory function (FMA-UE), median (quartiles)	12 (12–12)
Joint motion (FMA-UE), median (quartiles)	24 (21–24)
Pain (FMA-UE), median (quartiles)	24 (22 to 24)
Grip strength (pounds), mean (SD)	48 (31)
Spasticity (present) (MAS), n (%)	28 (41)
Activity capacity (ARAT), median (quartiles)	56 (36–57)
Self-perceived manual ability (ABILHAND logit), mean (SD; min-max)	3.2 (2.8; −6.1 to 6.0)

Obtained by the NIHSS: the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; mRS: the Modified Rankin Scale; UE: upper extremity; FMA-UE: the Fugl-Meyer Assessment of Upper Extremity; MAS: the Modified Ashworth Scale; ARAT: the Action Research Arm Test.

Table 2. Associations between self-perceived manual ability (ABILHAND) and determinants obtained from the univariate linear regression models in 68 participants at one year post stroke.

Determinants	R^2 (%)	p-Value	B (95% CI)
Demographics
Age (per year increase)	8	0.011	−0.07 (−0.13 to −0.02)
Gender (female vs male [ref])^#	0	0.963	0.06 (−1.32 to 1.43)
Living situation (living alone vs living together [ref])^#	0	0.367	0.63 (−0.76 to 2.02)
Vocational situation (working vs not working [ref])	12	0.002	2.56 (0.97 to 4.15)
Stroke characteristics at onset
Affected side (dominant vs non-dominant [ref])^#	0	0.724	0.24 (−1.11 to 1.59)
Stroke severity (NIHSS) (per unit increase)	9	0.008	−0.16 (−0.27 to −0.04)
UE stroke severity (NIHSS item 5) (per unit increase)	11	0.004	−0.64 (−1.06 to −0.22)
UE disability at 12 months post stroke
Motor function (FMA-UE) (per unit increase)	59	<0.001	0.12 (0.10 to 0.15)
Sensory function (FMA-UE) (per unit increase)	21	<0.001	0.48 (0.26 to 0.70)
Joint motion (FMA-UE) (per unit increase)	43	<0.001	0.61 (0.44 to 0.78)
Pain (FMA-UE) (per unit increase)	36	<0.001	0.84 (0.57 to 1.11)
Grip strength (per pound increase)	46	<0.001	0.06 (0.05 to 0.08)
Spasticity (MAS) (not present vs present [ref])	26	<0.001	2.90 (1.72 to 4.07)
Activity capacity (ARAT) (per unit increase)	56	<0.001	0.10 (0.08 to 0.13)

R²; explained variance (adjusted); B: regression coefficient; CI: Confidence Interval; ref: reference group (indicates the category to which the other category is compared); UE: upper extremity; ^#the variable did not fulfill the criteria, p ≤ 0.20, for being included in the continued multivariate evaluations; NIHSS: the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; FMA-UE: the Fugl-Meyer Assessment of Upper Extremity; MAS: the Modified Ashworth Scale; ARAT: the Action Research Arm Test.

Table 3. Determinants associated with self-perceived manual ability (ABILHAND) in 68 participants at one year post stroke.

Independent variables in the final model	B (95% CI)	p-value
Motor function (FMA-UE) (per unit increase)^a	0.09 (0.06 to 0.12)	<0.001
Age (per year increase)^a	−0.04 (−0.08 to 0.00)	0.045
Grip strength (per pound increase)^a	0.02 (0.00 to 0.04)	0.049
Explained variance (adjusted)^b	59% (motor function)
	63% (+ age)
	65% (+ grip strength)

^aAssessed at 12 months post stroke. B: regression coefficient; CI: Confidence Interval; FMA-UE: the Fugl-Meyer Assessment of Upper Extremity; ^bCumulative explained variance (adjusted) in percent after successive addition of determinant variables to the final multivariate model. Thus, the total explained variance is given on the lowest line.

Table 4. Determinants associated with self-perceived manual ability (ABILHAND) in 68 participants at one year post stroke.

Independent variables in the final model	B (95% CI)	p-Value
Activity capacity (ARAT) (per unit increase)^a	0.07 (0.05–0.10)	<0.001
Grip strength (per pound increase)^a	0.03 (0.01–0.05)	0.001
Explained variance (adjusted)^b	56% (activity capacity)
	62% (+ grip strength)

^aAssessed at 12 months post stroke. B: regression coefficient; CI: Confidence Interval; ARAT: the Action Research Arm Test; ^bCumulative explained variance (adjusted) in percent after successive addition of determinant variables to the final multivariate model. Thus, the total explained variance is given on the lowest line.