Nationalist ideology, rightwing populism, and public views about climate change in Europe

Figures & data

Figure 1. Mean score for nationalist ideology (factor), by country

Figure 2a. Nationalist ideology (factor) means and confidence intervals (95%), by party family, in Western Europe

Figure 2b. Nationalist ideology (factor) means and confidence intervals (95%), by party family, in Eastern Europe

Table 1. Multilevel analysis: climate change skepticism

	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4
	Coef. (Std. Err.)	Coef. (Std. Err.)	Coef. (Std. Err.)	Coef. (Std. Err.)
Gender (1 = male)	0.040*** (0.010)	0.050*** (0.012)	0.036** (0.010)	0.047*** (0.013)
Age (years)	0.005*** (0.000)	0.006*** (0.000)	0.005*** (0.000)	0.006*** (0.000)
Education (years)	−0.030*** (0.001)	−0.029*** (0.002)	−0.029*** (0.001)	−0.027*** (0.002)
Political ideology (rightwing)	0.110*** (0.005)	0.120*** (0.006)	0.107*** (0.006)	0.118*** (0.006)
Political trust	0.068*** (0.006)	0.061*** (0.007)	0.083*** (0.006)	0.075*** (0.008)
Social trust	0.033*** (0.006)	0.028*** (0.007)	0.040*** (0.006)	0.032*** (0.008)
Environmental values	−0.191*** (0.005)	−0.193*** (0.006)	−0.194*** (0.006)	−0.197*** (0.007)
Voted for RWP party		0.033*** (0.007)		0.026*** (0.007)
Nationalist ideology			0.043*** (0.006)	0.049*** (0.008)
Intercept	0.107* (0.050)	0.024 (0.056)	0.092 (0.050)	−0.013 (0.055)
var(_cons)	0.042*** (0.013)	0.041*** (0.012)	0.040*** (0.012)	0.037*** (0.011)
var(Residual)	0.869*** (0.006)	0.848*** (0.008)	0.864*** (0.007)	0.844*** (0.008)
Log likelihood	−47,099.1	−31,012.5	−42,520.2	−28,322.0
n	34,881	23,167	31,556	21,197

Dependent variable: Climate change skepticism. All coefficients represent fixed effects. All variables (except socio-demographic variables gender, age and education) are standardized (factor scores or z-scores), i.e. grand mean centered with a standard deviation of 1.

Table 2. Multilevel analysis: opposition to increasing fossil fuel taxes

	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4
	Coef. (Std. Err.)	Coef. (Std. Err.)	Coef. (Std. Err.)	Coef. (Std. Err.)
Gender (1 = male)	0.018* (0.010)	0.030* (0.032)	0.024* (0.011)	0.036** (0.013)
Age (years)	0.002*** (0.000)	0.002*** (0.000)	0.002*** (0.000)	0.002*** (0.000)
Education (years)	−0.022*** (0.001)	−0.023*** (0.002)	−0.015*** (0.001)	−0.016*** (0.002)
Political ideology (rightwing)	0.071*** (0.005)	0.064*** (0.006)	0.049*** (0.006)	0.045*** (0.007)
Political trust	−0.146*** (0.006)	−0.139*** (0.007)	−0.092*** (0.006)	−0.090*** (0.008)
Social trust	−0.054*** (0.006)	−0.050*** (0.007)	−0.025*** (0.006)	−0.020** (0.008)
Environmental values	−0.048*** (0.006)	−0.050*** (0.007)	−0.049*** 0.006	−0.053*** (0.007)
Climate change skepticism	0.064*** (0.006)	0.069*** (0.007)	0.064*** (0.006)	0.070*** (0.007)
Climate change concern	−0.125*** (0.006)	−0.130*** (0.008)	−0.111*** (0.006)	−0.116*** (0.008)
Voted for RWP party		0.054*** (0.007)		0.034*** (0.007)
Nationalist ideology			0.167*** (0.006)	0.168*** (0.008)
Intercept	0.130** (0.047)	0.148** (0.056)	0.070 (0.049)	0.070 (0.057)
var(_cons)	0.034*** (0.010)	0.040*** (0.012)	0.037*** (0.011)	0.041*** (0.012)
var(Residual)	0.865*** (0.007)	0.862*** (0.008)	0.845*** (0.007)	0.842*** (0.008)
Log likelihood	−46,005.3	−30,684.8	−41,536.4	−27,982.6
n	34,127	22,783	31,082	20,959

Dependent variable: Opposition to fossil fuel taxes. All coefficients represent fixed effects. All variables (except socio-demographic variables gender, age and education) are standardized (factor scores or z-scores), i.e. grand mean centered with a standard deviation of 1.

Figure 3. Marginal effects of climate change (CC) skepticism on opposition to increasing fossil fuel taxes at different levels of nationalist ideology (factor)

Figure 4a. Effects (fixed and random) of nationalist ideology (factor) on climate change skepticism, by country

Figure 4b. Effects (fixed and random) of nationalist ideology (factor) on opposition to increasing fossil fuel taxes, by country