Blue notes: Slovenian jazz festivals and their contribution to the economic resilience of the host cities

Figures & data

Figure 1. Locations of Slovenian jazz festivals. Source: Own adaptation on the basis of European jazz network, http://www.europejazz.net/jazz/festivals/si.

Notes: 1 – Jazz Etno Funky Festival, Koper (established: 2003); 2 – Jazz Cerkno (1996); 3 – Ljubljana Jazz Festival (1960); 4 – Veronica’s Tales, Kamnik (2013); 5 – Jazzinty Novo Mesto (2000); 6 – Džjezz Celje (2003); 7 – Slovenian Jazz Festival, Ravne na Koroškem (2003); 8 – Festival Lent, Maribor (1993).

Table 1. Main characteristics of Jazzinty and Jazz Cerkno festivals.

Name	Jazz Cerkno	Jazzinty Novo Mesto
Location (City and km from Ljubljana)	Cerkno, 40.68 km North-east	Novo Mesto, 58.86 km South-west
Year of origin	1996	2000
Schedule	3 days in May	6 days in August
Legal status (private, public or hybrid)	NGO: Jazz Cerkno Institute	NGO: Lokalpatriot Association
Size of the organization managing the festival (average over time)	7 FTE	5–10 FTE
Attendance Per day and during entire festival (average of all year)	In 2016, 350–400 average per day (mainstage), 1500 entire festival (with additional festival program) – average for last 10 years	In 2016, 319 people on the opening day, 1854 for the entire festival
Performances In 2016	mainstage, music school, streets; 12 performance; 61 performers (23 Slovenian, 38 foreigners); there was no big change in the last 10 years	5 stages: Museum Gardens, Main Square, Music School, Loka Restaurant, Cultural center; 20 performances; 110 performers (slo and foreign)
Municipal subsidies (source and amount) yearly (in average)	2016: 24,000 EUR, Municipality of Cerkno	2016: Municipality of Novo Mesto, 12,600 EUR
Budget yearly (in average) and point out if over time there are some big differences	105,000 EUR (average)	33,750 EUR (average)

Source: Own elaboration on the festival websites.

Table 2. Descriptive statistics of key variables.

Variable	N	Mean	SD	Min	Max
Tourist arrivals, Cerkno	100	901.58	671.02	56	2497
Tourist arrivals, foreign, Cerkno	100	359.51	224.87	30	1035
Tourist overnight stays, Cerkno	100	3054.99	2670.54	89	9481
Tourist overnight stays, foreign, Cerkno	100	1280.43	1029.68	43	4866
Tourist arrivals, Novo Mesto	100	2378.72	779.17	1157	4619
Tourist arrivals, foreign, Novo Mesto	100	1743.53	741.75	714	3897
Tourist overnight stays, Novo Mesto	100	5117.16	2019.37	2402	10,417
Tourist overnight stays, foreign, Novo Mesto	100	3911.06	1832.70	1497	8615
Tourist arrivals, Slovenia	100	269,083.40	107,510.70	153,320	630,579
Tourist arrivals, foreign, Slovenia	100	174,879.40	87,980.97	78,675	472,625
Tourist overnight stays, Slovenia	100	767,270.60	352,661.30	419,652	1,789,727
Tourist overnight stays, foreign, Slovenia	100	456,940.70	255,247.80	204,831	1,258,217
Number of employed, Cerkno	100	1395.47	114.98	1234	1654
Number of employed, Novo Mesto	100	21,018.47	582.51	19,979	22,076
Number of employed, Slovenia	100	732,598.90	30,568.06	691,511	798,533

Source: Own calculations.

Figure 2. Tourist arrivals in Cerkno and novo mesto, monthly data January 2008–March 2016. Source: own calculations on the basis of sors data.

Table 3. Results of interrupted time series analysis, tourism, Cerkno.

	Tourist arrivals, total			Tourist arrivals, foreign			Tourist overnight stays, total			Tourist overnight stays, foreign
	Coef.	t	P > t	Coef.	t	P > t	Coef.	t	P > t	Coef.	t	P > t
Time	−245.25	−5.70	***	−151.30	−12.40	***	−1456.29	−8.40	***	−1016.39	−9.70	***
May 2008	998.29	7.00	***	615.63	14.71	***	4779.39	8.41	***	3129.65	9.80	***
May 08 × time	192.28	4.35	***	114.13	9.31	***	1229.90	6.96	***	858.94	8.16	***
May 2009	529.50	4.67	***	325.08	7.80	***	1774.64	4.55	***	1192.78	6.63	***
May 09 × time	16.22	0.88		13.84	2.27	**	117.87	1.80	*	76.21	2.38	**
May 2010	297.21	2.79	***	193.75	3.69	***	879.13	2.33	**	650.38	3.54	***
May 10 × time	20.22	1.01		17.79	1.85	*	42.81	0.60		50.20	1.24
May 2011	41.57	0.32		−42.45	−0.65		100.65	0.23		−178.37	−0.66
May 11 × time	20.37	1.01		11.68	0.88		85.23	1.23		59.02	1.11
May 2012	73.86	0.48		0.91	0.01		183.01	0.30		−107.21	−0.32
May 12 × time	1.56	0.05		−8.02	−0.52		26.82	0.22		−12.93	−0.18
May 2013	−114.94	−0.49		63.87	0.68		−870.32	−0.89		−152.77	−0.33
May 13 × time	−41.03	−1.69	*	−23.92	−2.19	**	−160.13	−1.64		−84.23	−1.65
May 2014	399.97	3.74	***	210.66	5.14	***	1485.24	3.54	***	730.59	4.70	***
May 14 × time	42.45	3.75	***	23.32	4.32	***	118.01	2.71	***	44.33	2.08	**
May 2015	83.2661	0.69		68.35	1.27		209.75	0.56		255.66	1.63
May 15 × time	3.49	0.20		0.97	0.10		62.15	1.07		29.07	1.09
Constant	554.01	5.76	***	408.19	12.81	***	4166.59	10.76	***	3243.42	11.73	***
Observations	100			100			99			100
F statistic	13.70***			24.64***			22.26***			27.39***
Maximum lag	12			12			12			12

Note: Statistical significance: ***1%; **5%; *10%.

Source: Own calculations.

Table 4. Results of interrupted time series analysis, tourism, Novo Mesto.

	Tourist arrivals, total			Tourist arrivals, foreign			Tourist overnight stays, total			Tourist overnight stays, foreign
	Coef.	t	P > t	Coef.	t	P > t	Coef.	t	P > t	Coef.	t	P > t
Time	16.19	0.98		−28.44	−3.39	***	10.42	0.18		10.30	0.67
May 2008	134.89	1.26		245.25	4.23	***	903.66	2.76	***	844.48	4.10	***
May 08 × time	−50.55	−2.72	***	−7.54	−0.56		−98.24	−1.64	**	−107.69	−2.97	***
May 2009	196.33	1.82	*	253.03	3.07	***	592.21	1.61		905.82	2.61	**
May 09 × time	29.48	1.40		16.84	1.48		30.78	0.41		1.67	0.03
May 2010	−11.87	−0.09		108.45	1.87	*	366.79	0.63		404.24	1.10
May 10 × time	37.75	2.71	***	39.25	4.44	***	94.79	1.62		121.35	2.87	***
May 2011	−247.04	−2.23	**	−252.97	−5.01	***	−483.36	−0.95		−584.51	−2.56	**
May 11 × time	−61.29	−5.64	***	−14.87	−2.18	**	−51.00	−1.02		20.71	0.85
May 2012	187.86	2.16	**	61.04	0.79		689.61	2.27	**	253.72	1.18
May 12 × time	7.72	0.40		−12.09	−0.83		−32.37	−0.62		−39.10	−1.24
May 2013	176.25	1.36		149.29	1.28		795.62	3.00	***	468.98	2.31	**
May 13 × time	−20.38	−1.49		−28.38	−2.33	**	−106.00	−3.29	***	−138.70	−5.39	***
May 2014	152.63	1.63		24.18	0.38		152.92	0.54		−113.03	−0.50
May 14 × time	56.16	3.37	***	45.40	4.17	***	158.01	2.92	***	143.52	3.41	***
May 2015	402.299	6.49	***	212.57	4.44	***	1100.21	4.44	***	602.82	2.75	***
May 15 × time	−76.61	−8.84	***	−51.19	−6.32	***	−156.02	−4.18	***	−108.49	−2.99	***
Constant	77.07	1.29		257.60	6.53	***	−128.01	−0.60		−52.17	−0.90
Observations	100			100			100			100
F statistic	43.75***			48.01***			18.90***			30.10***
Maximum lag	12			12			12			12

Note: Statistical significance: ***1%; **5%; *10%.

Source: Own calculations.

Table 5. Results of interrupted time series analysis, employment, Cerkno and Novo Mesto.

	Nr of employed, Cerkno			Nr of employed, Novo mesto
	Coef.	t	P > t	Coef.	t	P > t
Time	−7.55	−35.30	***	41.25	13.99	***
May 2008	−17.41	−2.31	**	−194.71	−4.37	***
May 08 × time	−1.27	−0.92		−57.82	−8.51	***
May 2009	40.70	3.35	***	219.32	4.21	***
May 09 × time	9.48	7.29	***	36.04	4.93	***
May 2010	23.55	3.10	***	−40.03	−1.36
May 10 × time	7.35	4.00	***	6.13	1.09
May 2011	−37.74	−4.81	***	−70.78	−1.69	*
May 11 × time	−10.97	−7.83	***	−84.13	−20.20	***
May 2012	−5.60	−1.02		90.71	2.63	***
May 12 × time	5.24	5.21	***	53.61	13.81	***
May 2013	−31.25	−4.55	***	−21.91	−0.53
May 13 × time	−4.05	−4.51	***	19.57	4.60	***
May 2014	15.89	3.14	***	1.35	0.04
May 14 × time	−0.54	−0.67		35.23	8.15	***
May 2015	−39.59	−4.84	***	−104.86	−8.09	***
May 15 × time	−1.77	−1.86	*	−14.95	−9.13	***
Constant	87.74	179.63	***	−234.36	−20.96	***
Observations	100			100
F statistic	1161.12***			1294.82***
Maximum lag	12			12

Note: Statistical significance: ***1%; **5%; *10%.

Source: Own calculations.

Figure 3. Dynamics of the effects on tourism and employment, Cerkno and novo mesto. Source: own calculations.