Re-categorizing innovation policy according to broad-based innovation

Figures & data

Table 1. Modes 1 and 2.

Mode 1, usually	Mode 2, usually
A hierarchical process, during which knowledge tends to preserve its form	A more heterarchical process, transient by nature
Problem-solving is usually performed following codes of practice relevant to a particular discipline and problem-solving	Knowledge activity is organized around a particular application and is more diffuse by nature
Departs from a homogeneous theoretical basis	Combines heterogeneous knowledge interests in a multidisciplinary manner, often in practical environments
Academic, investigator-initiated and discipline-based knowledge production	Context-driven, problem-focused and interdisciplinary, involving multidisciplinary teams convened for short time periods to work on specific problems in the real world
Furthering Mode 1 knowledge production is mainly a task for science policy	Is likely to be the mainstream in practice-based innovation activities

Table 2. Modes 1, 2a and 2b, and innovation policy.

Point of view: most typical	Innovation policy types
	Science-based innovation (STI, Mode 1)	Practice-based innovation (DUI, Mode 2a)	Practice-based innovation (DUI, Mode 2b)
Economic logics	Agglomeration – Economies of scale	Innovation platforms –related variety	Value networks – dynamic capabilities
Innovation types	Radical technological innovations and related concepts	Technological system innovations	Organizational innovations – social innovations – service innovations
Fuels of innovation	Proximity (especially cognitive)	Distance (especially cognitive)	Near distance
Capital	Intellectual capital	Social capital	Social capital
Innovation processes	Analytical	Interpretative	Interpretative
Innovation methods	Scientific methods	Methods of intellectual cross-fertilization (also virtual)	Problem-based learning (e.g. arts-based methods)
Origins of innovations	Science and related expertise	Networks – serendipity – customers	‘Normal’ staff – customers
Fields of expertise	World class scientific expertise in narrow fields	Brokering: general ability to build possible worlds	Brokering: general ability to build possible worlds
Types of knowledge	Explicit knowledge	Self-transcending knowledge	Tacit and sticky knowledge
Knowledge bases	Analytical	Synthetic	Symbolic

Table 3. Comparing analysis and interpretation (Lester & Piore, 2004, pp. 97–98).

Analysis	Interpretation
The focus is a project, with a well-defined beginning and end The thrust is to solve pre-defined problems Managers set goals Managers convene meetings and negotiate to resolve different viewpoints and eliminate ambiguity Communication is a precise exchange of chunks of information	The focus is a process, which is ongoing and open-ended The thrust is to discover new meanings Managers set directions Managers invite conversations and translate to encourage different viewpoints and explore ambiguity Communication is fluid, context-dependent and undetermined

Figure 1. Co-existence of the different levels of innovation policy.

Lester, R. K., & Piore, M. J. (2004). Innovation: The missing dimension. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

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