Hard, soft and thin governance spaces in land-use change: comparing office-to-residential conversions in England, Scotland and the Netherlands

Figures & data

Table 1. New dwellings from change of use in England, Scotland and the Netherlands.

Year	2011-12	2012-13	2013-14	2014-15	2015-16	Total	Total per 1000 inhabitants
England^a	12,590	12,780	12,520	20,650	30,600	89,140	1.6
Scotland^b	669	568	532	659	696	3124	0.6
Year	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	Total	-
Netherlands^c	3755	7520	6395	7825	8095	33,590	1.9

^a Source MHCLG (2020).

^b Scottish Government 2019, 2020.

^c Sent to authors by Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en Koninkrijksrelaties.

Table 2. Summary of key indicators for Leeds, Glasgow and Rotterdam case studies.

Case studies/Indicators	Leeds	Glasgow	Rotterdam
Population^a	784,800	621,000	634,660
Office vacancy rate^b	4.1%	8.3%	18.6%
Residential market^c	Requirement of 4600 units a year	Requirement of units additional to a 5500 backlog	Requirement of 4500 units a year
Implemented units	715/1198^d	133/360^d	1210^e
Space Standards compliance^f	43%	96%	N/A but believed 100% as this is a building code issue in the Netherlands
Access to amenity space^f	1%	40%	-

^a Data for 2017 from NOMIS (2020) for Leeds and Glasgow, and CBS (2020b) for Rotterdam.

^b Data for Leeds from Bradley-Mason (2017), for Glasgow from JLL (2017) and for Rotterdam from Knight Frank (2017).

^c Data for Leeds from Leeds City Council (2016) for Glasgow from Glasgow City Council (2017a) and for Rotterdam from De Nederlandsche Bank (2017) where it is stated that 36,000 added units are expected by 2025.

^d Implemented units (2013–2017) over cases visited. Data collected by authors through site visits in 2018.

^e Created units from the conversion of vacant buildings (including but not just offices) (2012–2015) (CBS 2016).

^f From desk-research on a sample of cases and included analysing all relevant plans and documents on the relevant LPA planning database. From the plans it was possible to note or calculate the space standards of each unit and whether there was any provision of private or communal amenity space (such as balconies or roof terraces).

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