The 15-minute city concept and new working spaces: a planning perspective from Oslo and Lisbon

Figures & data

Table 1. Selected content analysis of the planning documents: Differences and similarities in approaching chrono-urbanism and related notions, as well as approach and role of NWS, and their frequencies.

Category	Code	Excerpts from the policy and planning documents	Number of frequencies
CHRONO-URBANISM Approach	OCU1	The Compact City/The Ten-Minute Town adheres as closely as possible to the principle that most everyday target points should lie within walking distance and be readily accessible to most people (Ministry of Local Government and Modernization 2019, 57).	OCU = 6; LCU = 2
	OCU2	The ten-minute town assumes a relatively dense building development with a good mix of functions and purposes. This constellation does not exist everywhere but is nevertheless a planning principle that is worth pursuing (Ministry of Local Government and Modernization 2019, 33).
	LCU1	By encouraging a mixing of functions and dispersing the workplace, the intention is to reinforce a dense network of small neighbourhood centralities. This measure will have a beneficial effect by reducing displacements and encouraging soft modes of transportation (CML 2012, 16).
	LCU2	‘Urban polarities (POLU)’ correspond to areas of the city with high accessibility by public transport in which a compact model of land occupation and the location of more central urban functions is advocated without compromising the multifunctionality of the urban fabric (CML 2012, 43).
CHRONO-URBANISM Proximity	OCUprox1	Proximity means that ‘everyone should have access to a variety of public spaces that lie within walking distance. This means there should be at least one meeting place, a square or a green public space, that offers a number of positive experiences (Ministry of Local Government and Modernization 2019, 58).	OCUprox = 3; LCUprox = 2
	LCUprox1	‘It creates conditions to increase the offer of affordable housing, especially for rental, as well as build equipment and green spaces of proximity, comfortable and safe public spaces, an environment with low noise levels and good air quality’. (CML 2012, 11).
CONCEPT BASIS for chrono-urbanism Accessibility	OACC1	Accessibility for vehicles has largely been prioritized ahead of vulnerable road users and has reduced residents’ use of streets and public spaces. Street life is dependent on travel on foot and by bike; however, vehicle-based downtown areas can be difficult for both pedestrians and cyclists to navigate. In many towns, measures are now underway to transform the roads into streets with better accessibility for vulnerable road users (Ministry of Local Government and Modernization 2019, 38).	OACC = 3; LACC = 6
	LACC1	Overall, the road network has good accessibility. The isochrones calculated from the main entrances to the city of Lisbon show good accessibility to the city, with the Central Nucleus of the LMA located less than 20 min from the city of Lisbon, and the first in the Transitional Crown (10–20 km from the city centre) at a distance-time of the main accesses of less than 30 min (CML 2016, 17).
CONCEPT BASIS for chrono-urbanism Density	ODEN1	Urban qualities are qualities that are derived from notions about the city and public life in the city. It requires that there is a certain density in the building development and in the number of people living there. Urban qualities are about the positive characteristics – it is about developing physical environments that attract street life and activity and provide a positive framework for city life (Ministry of Local Government and Modernization 2019, 117).	ODEN = 6; LDEN = 2
	LDEN1	The increase in the building index and reduction of concessions in urban polarities and business areas are the main measures to densify these areas promoting new employment concentration poles in the City (CML 2012, 25).
	LDEN2	The densification is essential to the organization of a territory undergoing a strong process of transformation and with a significant capacity to accommodate urban functions on the scale of the city (CML 2012, 135).
CONCEPT BASIS for chrono-urbanism Multi-functionality	LMULT1	(…) the urban development model [is] based on the idea of a multifunctional city, which promotes the rebalancing of urban functions and boosts the local economy (…) by avoiding the creation of new sectors which are exclusively residential urban areas (CML 2012, 24).	OMULT = 0; LMULT = 6
CONCEPT BASIS for chrono-urbanism Walking-Biking	OWB1	A public space network should be of good quality and be adapted to the residents at each place. This means that public spaces should lie within walking distance and be easily accessible with good pedestrian and cycling connections. Everyone should also have access to a variety of public spaces of a different nature (Ministry of Local Government and Modernization 2019, 8).	OWB = 24; LWB = 8
	LWB1	.(…) the option for soft modes, with special emphasis on pedestrian and cycling modes, and should guarantee access to the main travel generators, such as transport interfaces, equipment, commercial areas and services, and dense residential areas (CML 2012, 116)
CONCEPT BASIS for chrono-urbanism Public Spaces	OPS1	Inspiring public spaces can create greater physical and social activity. It is important for public health – and to counteract loneliness and create a greater sense of security. It also contributes to better conditions for children and youths, better social inclusion, and a more enjoyable everyday life for everyone (Ministry of Local Government and Modernization 2019, 7)	OPS = 22; LPS = 5
	LPS1	Rehabilitating public space to meet the lack of green spaces in central areas, promoting the porosity of urban space, the capture of CO2, resilience in the face of extreme weather phenomena, the energy efficiency of urban infrastructures and contributing to sustainable mobility (CML 2016, 13)
ROLE OF NWS Coworking Spaces	OCS1	The largest campus is located in Kvadraturen. Some of Oslo and Norway’s most innovative technology companies and shared office workplaces (and coworking spaces) are located in this axis from Pilestredet to Kvadraturen (City of Oslo 2020, 53).	OCS = 3; LCS = 0
ROLE OF NWS libraries	Olibr	The new main library of Bjørvika gives Oslo's residents a modern and dynamic building with content that is shaped by the people who use it. (…). Deichman library will meet the future through both preserving the best of the library's core offerings while simultaneously developing a new arena for activity around its traditional features (City of Oslo 2020, 96).	Olibr = 1; Llibr = 0
ROLE OF NWS Innovation and Entrepreneurship	Linn/ent1	(…) to create synergies with creative and innovative activities installed and in the process of being installed, in the conversion of buildings with historical and cultural value (CML 2016, 28) [and in] regeneration of degraded and abandoned industrial areas, with a view to fostering innovation and internationalization of the region's business base, which also opens up the regeneration of these areas for housing and services (CML 2016, 15)	Oinn = 12; Linn = 5
	Linn/entr2	(…) the dynamization of the incubator network, which articulates their action with that of all other incubation, acceleration, and co-working spaces existing in the City (public or private initiative), boosted the conversion of the incubators in a true entrepreneurial ecosystem (PEDU, 32)

Note: Portuguese and Norwegian excerpts are translated by the authors. OSLO = O; LISBON = L; CHRONO-URBANISM Approach = CU; CHRONO-URBANISM Proximity = Prox; CONCEPTS BASIS chrono-urbanism Accessibility = ACC; CONCEPTS BASIS chrono-urbanism Mobility = MOB; CONCEPTS BASIS for chrono-urbanism Density = DEN; CONCEPTS BASIS for chrono-urbanism Multi-functionality = Mult; CONCEPTS BASIS for chrono-urbanism Public Spaces = PS; CONCEPTS BASIS for chrono-urbanism Walking-Biking = WB; ROLE OF NWS Coworking spaces = CS; ROLE OF NWS Public libraries = lib; ROLE OF NWS Innovation and Entrepreneurship = Inn/ent.

Figure 1. Density of existing CS in urban districts of Lisbon (a) and Oslo (b). Source: Tomaz et al., 2021.

Figure 2. Accessibility of CSs to the nearest subways station within 10’ and 15’ walking distances Oslo.

Figure 3. Accessibility of CSs to the nearest subways station within walking distances (10’ and 15’) Lisbon.

Figure 4. Accessibility of CSs to the nearest subway station for all districts of both cities.

Figure 5. The degree of diversity of POIs for each individual CS in both Lisbon (a) and Oslo (b) within the 15’ area both in central and peripheral urban districts.

Figure 6. Diversity Index of the CSs (concerning the POI at a distance of 15’) in Lisbon (a) and Oslo (b).

Ministry of Local Government and Modernisation (MLGM). 2019. “Public Spaces—An idea handbook.” https://www.regjeringen.no/en/dokumenter/network-of-public-spaces—-an-idea-handbook/id2524971/

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