Effects of survival processing on list method directed forgetting

Figures & data

Table 1. Experiment 1: Mean (SE) number of items recalled for each list as a function of encoding condition, response type, and mid-list cue.

Encoding condition
Response type & Mid-list cue	Survival	Pleasant	Moving
List 1 Recall
Overall Recall
R-cue	9.86 (.27)	6.14 (.33)	5.91 (.36)
F-cue	7.00 (.22)	5.32 (.26)	4.82 (.22)
Remember
R-cue	7.55 (.31)	4.60 (.31)	4.36 (.32)
F-cue	4.95 (.25)	2.82 (.27)	3.45 (.24)
Know
R-cue	2.18 (.28)	1.41 (.28)	1.45 (.25)
F-cue	1.95 (.23)	2.23 (.33)	1.32 (.31)
Guess
R-cue	0.14 (.10)	0.14 (.07)	0.09 (.06)
F-cue	0.09 (.06)	0.27 (.10)	0.05 (.05)
List 2 Recall
Overall Recall
R-cue	8.14 (.30)	7.91 (.34)	7.82 (.36)
F-cue	8.55 (.43)	8.27 (.47)	7.68 (.30)
Remember
R-cue	4.50 (.47)	4.09 (.54)	3.68 (.48)
F-cue	4.68 (.41)	4.05 (.55)	3.68 (.49)
Know
R-cue	3.41 (.55)	3.73 (.62)	3.95 (.72)
F-cue	3.73 (.50)	4.05 (.54)	3.91 (.56)
Guess
R-cue	0.23 (.11)	0.09 (.06)	0.18 (.08)
F-cue	0.14 (.07)	0.18 (.08)	0.09 (.06)
Ratings
R-cue	2.75 (.08)	2.82 (.08)	2.88 (.14)
F-cue	2.75 (.09)	2.95 (.09)	2.94 (.10)

Table 2. Experiment 1: Summary of ANOVA results for Experiment 1.

Response Type & Source of Effect	df	F	p	ηp^2
List 1 Results
Overall
Main Effect Encoding Task	2, 126	69.85	< .001	.53
Main Effect Mid-List Cue	1, 126	47.18	< .001	.27
Interaction	2, 126	7.66	= .001	.11
Remember
Main Effect Encoding Task	2, 126	49.17	< .001	.44
Main Effect Mid-List Cue	1, 126	56.95	< .001	.31
Interaction	2, 126	4.35	= .01	.06
Know
Main Effect Encoding Task	2, 126	2.98	=. 06	.04
Main Effect Mid-List Cue	1, 126	0.43	= .51	.003
Interaction	2, 126	2.10	= .13	.03
List 2 Results
Overall
Main Effect Encoding Task	2, 126	1.28	= .28	.02
Main Effect Mid-List Cue	1, 126	0.49	= .48	.004
Interaction	2, 126	0.33	= .72	.005
Remember
Main Effect Encoding Task	2, 126	1.71	= .19	.03
Main Effect Mid-List Cue	1, 126	0.01	= .91	< .001
Interaction	2, 126	0.03	= .97	< .001
Know
Main Effect Encoding Task	2, 126	0.23	= .80	.004
Main Effect Mid-List Cue	1, 126	0.17	= .68	.001
Interaction	2, 126	0.06	= .94	.001
Ratings
Main Effect Encoding Task	2, 126	1.55	= .22	.02
Main Effect Mid-List Cue	1, 126	0.65	= .42	.005
Interaction	2, 126	0.24	= .79	.004

Table 3. Experiment 2: Mean (SE) number of items recalled for each list as a function of encoding condition, response type, retrieval condition and mid-list cue.

Encoding condition
Response type & Mid-list cue	Survival		Moving
	Reinstatement	No-reinstatement	Reinstatement	No-reinstatement
List 1 Recall
Overall Recall
R-cue	8.32 (.41)	6.96 (.36)	7.16 (.40)	5.12 (.38)
F-cue	5.16 (.39)	5.28 (.39)	6.32 (.38)	4.52 (.28)
Remember
R-cue	6.64 (.47)	5.52 (.43)	5.88 (.38)	3.40 (.50)
F-cue	4.12 (.46)	4.20 (.50)	5.44 (.42)	3.64 (.37)
Know
R-cue	1.36 (.29)	0.92 (.24)	1.04 (.28)	1.40 (.39)
F-cue	0.84 (.26)	0.88 (.28)	0.76 (.23)	0.68 (.30)
Guess
R-cue	0.32 (.13)	0.52 (.19)	0.24 (.09)	0.32 (.10)
F-cue	0.20 (.08)	0.20 (.10)	0.12 (.07)	0.20 (.13)
List 2 Recall
Overall Recall
R-cue	6.04 (.49)	6.32 (.49)	5.84 (.39)	5.64 (.52)
F-cue	6.04 (.57)	7.60 (.40)	6.88 (.48)	6.88 (.49)
Remember
R-cue	4.40 (.55)	5.00 (.62)	4.80 (.40)	3.88 (.64)
F-cue	4.76 (.63)	5.72 (.59)	5.32 (.40)	4.84 (.65)
Know
R-cue	1.16 (.41)	0.88 (.28)	0.72 (.22)	1.44 (.42)
F-cue	1.04 (.45)	1.48 (.44)	1.20 (.39)	1.60 (.39)
Guess
R-cue	0.48 (.15)	0.44 (.16)	0.32 (.17)	0.32 (.13)
F-cue	0.24 (.09)	0.44 (.14)	0.36 (.21)	0.44 (.21)
Ratings
R-cue	2.74 (.15)	2.61 (.13)	2.67 (.13)	2.52 (.13)
F-cue	2.68 (.13)	2.64 (.13)	2.44 (.11)	2.69 (.14)

Table 4. Experiment 2: Summary of ANOVA results for Experiment 2.

Response type & Source of effect	df	F	p	ηp^2
List 1 Results
Overall
Main Effect Encoding Task	1, 192	5.91	= .02	.03
Main Effect Mid-List Cue	1, 192	34.47	< .001	.15
Main Effect Retrieval Condition	1, 192	22.56	< .001	.11
Interaction (encoding X mid-list cue)	1, 192	10.10	= .002	.05
Interaction (encoding X retrieval)	1, 192	5.91	= .02	.03
Interaction (mid-list cue X retrieval)	1, 192	2.59	= .11	.01
Interaction (three way)	1, 192	1.34	= .25	.007
Remember
Main Effect Encoding Task	1, 192	2.86	= .09	.02
Main Effect Mid-List Cue	1, 192	10.38	= .001	.05
Main Effect Retrieval Condition	1, 192	18.00	< .001	.09
Interaction (encoding X mid-list cue)	1, 192	8.43	= .004	.04
Interaction (encoding X retrieval)	1, 192	6.68	= .01	.03
Interaction (mid-list cue X retrieval)	1, 192	2.25	= .14	.01
Interaction (three way)	1, 192	0.17	= .68	.001
Know
Main Effect Encoding Task	1, 192	0.02	= .88	< .001
Main Effect Mid-List Cue	1, 192	3.68	= .06	.02
Main Effect Retrieval Condition	1, 192	0.02	= .88	< .001
Interaction (encoding X mid-list cue)	1, 192	0.29	= .59	.002
Interaction (encoding X retrieval)	1, 192	0.70	= .40	.004
Interaction (mid-list cue X retrieval)	1, 192	0.002	= .96	< .001
Interaction (three way)	1, 192	1.28	= .26	.007
List 2 Results
Overall
Main Effect Encoding Task	1, 192	0.31	= .58	.002
Main Effect Mid-List Cue	1, 192	6.79	= .01	.03
Main Effect Retrieval Condition	1, 192	1.44	= .23	.007
Interaction (encoding X mid-list cue)	1, 192	0.54	= .46	.003
Interaction (encoding X retrieval)	1, 192	2.23	= .14	.01
Interaction (mid-list cue X retrieval)	1, 192	1.17	= .28	.006
Interaction (three way)	1, 192	0.63	= .43	.003
Remember
Main Effect Encoding Task	1, 192	0.42	= .52	.002
Main Effect Mid-List Cue	1, 192	2.54	= .11	.013
Main Effect Retrieval Condition	1, 192	0.01	= .92	< .001
Interaction (encoding X mid-list cue)	1, 192	0.06	= .80	< .001
Interaction (encoding X retrieval)	1, 192	3.39	= .07	.02
Interaction (mid-list cue X retrieval)	1, 192	0.25	= .62	.001
Interaction (three way)	1, 192	0.01	= .96	< .001
Know
Main Effect Encoding Task	1, 192	0.14	= .71	.001
Main Effect Mid-List Cue	1, 192	1.07	= .30	.006
Main Effect Retrieval Condition	1, 192	1.39	= .24	.007
Interaction (encoding X mid-list cue)	1, 192	0.02	= .88	< .001
Interaction (encoding X retrieval)	1, 192	0.78	= .38	.004
Interaction (mid-list cue X retrieval)	1, 192	0.14	= .71	.001
Interaction (three way)	1, 192	0.92	= .34	.005
Ratings
Main Effect Encoding Task	1, 192	0.80	= .37	.004
Main Effect Mid-List Cue	1, 192	0.07	= .79	< .001
Main Effect Retrieval Condition	1, 192	0.04	= .84	< .001
Interaction (encoding X mid-list cue)	1, 192	0.01	= .95	< .001
Interaction (encoding X retrieval)	1, 192	0.51	= .48	.003
Interaction (mid-list cue X retrieval)	1, 192	1.67	= .20	.009
Interaction (three way)	1, 192	0.65	= .42	.003