European Security and Defence Policy Deceleration: An Assessment of the ESDP Strategy

Abstract

This article assesses the political and structural obstacles that have affected the development of a European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP). Furthermore, the article aims to identify and examine the measures that need to be introduced by the EU in order to accelerate the smoothness of ESDP's operability.

Notes

1. T. Zelman and Gregory Bateson, ‘Using the Balance Model for Planning and Prediction’, available at http://trevorzelman.com/pdf/Balance%20Model.pdf (accessed 11 June 2006).

2. See U. Schneckener, ‘Theory and Practice of European Crisis Management: Test Case Macedonia’, European Yearbook of Minority Issues 1 (2001/2), pp. 132–3

3. Richard G. Whitman, ‘NATO the EU and ESDP: An Emerging Division of Labor?’, in Martin A. Smith (ed.), Where is NATO Going? (Abingdon: Routledge 2006), Chapter 3.

4. Rober Gilpin, Global Political Economy: Understanding the International Economic Order (Princeton, Princeton University Press 2001).

5. Chris Hedges, War is a Force that gives us Meaning (New York: First Anchor 2003).

6. European Union Police Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina

7. Javier Solana, ‘A Secure Europe in a Better World’, European Council Institute for Security Studies, available at http://www.iss-eu.org/solana/solanae.pdf 20 June 2003.

8. BBC News, UK Edition, ‘Ex-BBC chat show host Robert Kilroy-Silk has said Britain needs to pull out of the EU before it disintegrates’, Sunday, 9 May 2004, 09:57 (Greenwich Mean Time) 10:57 UK (accessed 30 June 2006).

9. Geopolitical, cultural, historical, linguistic and philosophical diversifications provide a multicultural democratic view

10. Edy Altes Korthals, ‘The Contribution of the EU to Peace and Security in an unbalanced world’, 18 January 2005, available at http://www.pugwash.nl/EUForeignPolicy_EdyKAltes05.pdf (accessed 11 June 2006).

11. See http://ue.eu.int/cms3_fo/showPage.asp?id=277&lang=EL (accessed 10 May 2006).

12. Speech by NATO Secretary General, Lord Robertson, 2001, available at http://www.nato.int/docu/speech/2001/s010301a.htm (accessed 11 June 2006).

13. Mette Eilstrup Sangiovanni, ‘Why a Common Security and Defence Policy is Bad for Europe’, Survival (Winter 2003), pp. 193–206.

14. Daniel Hannan, ‘Don't Laugh: The European Army is on the March’, telegraph.co.uk, 13 April 2003.

15. See http://www.iiss.org/conferences/recent-key-addresses/nato-secretary-general-jaap-de-hoop-scheffer (accessed 7 June 2006).

16. BBC News World Edition, available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/2277578.stm, 25 September 2002 (accessed 30 June 2006).

17. Framework Programmes are also called Research Programmes divided into thematic areas.

18. Article 296 of EC Treaty.

19. Gilpin, Global Political Economy.

20. Preparatory Action on Security Research.

21. See http://www.weu.int/weag/whatsnew.htm (accessed 16 July 2006).

22. European Cooperation for Long term in Defence.

23. See http://www.weu.int/weag/panel2.htm (accessed 11 June 2006).

24. Its mission was to provide the member nations of the WEAO with an efficient and effective service in the field of co-operative defence research and technology. WEAO ceased operations on 30 June 2006.

25. Philip H. Gordon, ‘Their Own Army? Making European Defence Work’, Foreign Affairs 79/4 (July/August 2000), p. 17.

26. Matti Vanhanen, Helsingin Sanomat (International Edition), Foreign Tuesday, 11 October 2005.

27. Council of the European Union: 8673/04 ENFOPOL 43, ‘Revised EU Plan of Action to Combat Terrorism – Role of Working Party on Terrorism’.

28. European Union, ‘Presidency Conclusions, Thessalonica European Council, 19 and 20 June 2003’, available at http://europa.eu.int/european_council/conclusions/index_en.htm (accessed 11 June 2006).

29. Meaning it affects foreign policy, social policy making, offsets, etc.

30. Institute for Strategic Studies, available at http://www.iss-eu.org/esdp/05-gl.pdf (accessed 1 August 2006).

31. Council of the European Union, doc. 6805/03.

32. Brigid Laffan, Rory O'Donnell and Michael Smith, Europe's Experimental Union: Rethinking Integration (London: Routledge 2000).

33. House of Lords, United Kingdom, Eleventh Report, 29 January 2002, available at http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld200102/ldselect/ldeucom/71/7101.htm (accessed 5 July 2006).

34. Defence Ministers Meeting in Crete (Rethymnon) on 4–5 October 2002.

35. ‘Europe Must Close Technical Gap’, Opinion of Dr John Hamre, US Deputy Secretary of Defense, Jane's Defense Weekly, 29 March 2000, p. 28.

36. It was organised by the Hellenic Institute of Strategic Studies, Franco-Greek Cooperation, 18 May 2005, available at http://www.elesme.gr (accessed 1 June 2006).

37. During the period 1992–99 China ranked no 5 of the 7 (major world suppliers) in arms deliveries to developing nations.

38. Dr. Zagorski, Vice-Rector of the Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO-University), Colloquium 1995 Panel V: Conclusions, Perspectives and Security Implications, available at http://www.nato.int/docu/colloq/1995/95-21.htm (accessed 26 June 2006).

39. M. McGuire, ‘Defense Economics and International Security’, in K. Hartley and T. Sandler (eds.), Handbook of Defense Economics (Amsterdam: Elsevier 1995).

40. Gilpin, Global Political Economy.

41. One such a task could relate to EU border surveillance.

42. Not NATO-oriented.