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Gender, Place & Culture
A Journal of Feminist Geography
Volume 18, 2011 - Issue 2
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Articles

Different geographies and experiences of ‘assisted’ types of migration: a gendered critique on the distinction between trafficking and smuggling

Diferentes geografías y experiencias de formas ‘asistidas’ de migración: una crítica generizada sobre la distinción entre tráfico y contrabando

Pages 179-193 | Published online: 07 Mar 2011
 

Abstract

This article presents three stories of female migrants who were assisted in their migration process from the Horn of Africa, Iraq and the former Soviet Union to the Netherlands. The stories are contextualized within the results of a wider research project on assisted migration involving 56 interviews and demonstrate the diverse practices and experiences of women's assisted migration. By ‘assisted’ is meant the assistance certain migrants need in order to be able to cross borders, given the lack of legal channels available to them – a process usually talked about as smuggling or trafficking. The article argues that the policy discourse surrounding these assisted types of migration is highly gendered, reproduces stereotypes and completely ignores the wider context in which these movements take place. The fact that for some women from certain parts of the world there are no other options than to travel in this particular way, and that the risks involved in migration can be relatively low compared to the risks faced at ‘home’, is rarely acknowledged in accounts of human smuggling or trafficking. Moreover, framing assisted female migrants as victims can lead to the generalization that all migrant women are at risk and need to be protected. This, in turn, may lead to protective policy measures that often restrict women's choices even further.

En este artículo presento tres historias de mujeres inmigrantes que fueron ayudadas en su proceso de migración desde el Cuerno de África, Irak y la ex Unión Soviética hacia los Países Bajos. Las historias están contextualizadas dentro de los resultados de un proyecto de investigación más amplio sobre la migración asistida que incluye 56 entrevistas, y demuestran la diversidad de prácticas y experiencias de las migraciones asistidas de las mujeres. Por ‘asistidas’ quiero decir la ayuda que ciertas inmigrantes necesitan para ser capaces de cruzar fronteras dada la falta de canales legales disponibles para ellas, un proceso del que a menudo se habla como contrabando, o tráfico. Sostengo que el discurso de las políticas alrededor de estos tipos asistidos de migración está altamente generizado, reproduce los estereotipos, e ignora completamente el contexto más amplio en el que estos movimientos tienen lugar. El hecho de que para algunas mujeres de ciertas partes del mundo no haya otra opción que viajar de esta forma en particular, y que los riesgos que implica la migración puedan ser relativamente bajos comparados con los que deben enfrentar en ‘casa’, raramente es reconocido en los relatos de tráfico o contrabando humano. Además, enmarcar a las inmigrantes asistidas como víctimas puede conducir a la generalización de que todas las inmigrantes están en riesgo y necesitan ser protegidas. Esto, a su vez, puede llevar a políticas proteccionistas que a menudo restringen las opciones de las mujeres más aún.

Acknowledgements

I would like to thank Sabrina Marchetti from Utrecht University and Katie Walsh from the University of Sussex as well as the three anonymous referees for their insightful criticism and helpful comments. I am also grateful to Linnet Taylor for her careful language editing, as ever.

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