Ultimate pH, colour characteristics and proximate and mineral composition of edible organs, glands and kidney fat from Saanen goat male kids

Figures & data

Table 1. Feeding schedule for goat kids.

Age	Feed	Quantity	Frequency
Birth-3 days	Colostrum	600–800 ml/day	4 times/day
4–10 days	Colostrum and goat milk	1–1.5 l/day	4 times/day
11–17 days	Milk replacer	Free choice	N/A
18–31 days	Milk replacer	Free choice	N/A
	Alfalfa hay	Free choice	N/A
	Water	Free choice	N/A
31 days-slaughter	Milk replacer	Free choice	N/A
	Alfalfa hay	Free choice	N/A
	16% starter grain	About 150 g/day	3 times/day
	Water	Free choice	N/A

Note: N/A = not applicable.

Table 2. Chemical composition of the diet.

Commercial milk replacer	Quantity	Alfalfa hay (Belanger, 2001)	%	Commercial 16% starter grain	Quantity
Crude fat	24.0%	Crude protein	15.3	Protein	Min. 16%
Crude protein	24.0%	Digestible protein	10.9	Fibre	Max. 8%
Lysine	1.8%	Fat	1.9	Ash	Max. 8%
Methionine	0.3%	Fibre	28.6	Moisture	Max. 13.5%
Calcium	1.0%	Nitrogen-free	36.7	Calcium	0.80–1.00%
Phosphor	0.7%	Mineral matter	8.0	Phosphor	Min. 0.5– 0.7%
Magnesium	0.2%	Calcium	1.47	Sodium	0.20–0.30%
Moisture	to 8.0%	Phosphorus extract	0.24	Oats units/kg (calculated value)	0.90%
Crude fibre	1.0%			Vitamin A	7,500 IJ
Crude ash	8.3%			Vitamin D3	1,200 IJ
Vitamin A	50.000 IU			Vitamin E	15 mg
Vitamin D3	5.000 IU			Vitamin B1	1.5 mg
Vitamin E	100 mg			Vitamin B2	2.0 mg
Biotin	0.200 mg			Vitamin B12	0.010 mg
Iron	140 mg			Pantothenic acid	10 mg
Vitamin B1	10 mg			Nicotinic acid	10 mg
Vitamin B2	10 mg			Iron	50 mg
Vitamin B6	5 mg			Copper	5 mg
Vitamin B12	0.025 mg			Manganese	30 mg
Ca-D- pantothenate	20 mg			Zinc	50 mg
Nicotinic acid	30 mg			Iodine	0.6 mg
Folic acid	1 mg			Cobalt	0.10 mg
Vitamin C	100 mg			Selenium	0.10 mg
Choline chloride	900 mg			Magnesium	50 mg
Selenium	0.3 mg			Antioxidant	100 mg
Enterococcus faecium M74 – NICMB 11181	0.8 × 10^9 CFU

Table 3. Ultimate pH and colour characteristics of edible organs, glands and kidney fat from Saanen goat male kids.

Edible by-products		pH value	SC			FCCSC			Significant differences between SC and FCCSC
		pH24h	CIEL* (lightness)	CIEa* (redness)	CIEb* (yellowness)	CIEL* (lightness)	CIEa* (redness)	CIEb*(yellowness)	CIEL*	CIEa*	CIEb*
Heart	X ± SD	5.65 ± 0.07^e	42.57 ± 2.03^ef	17.09 ± 0.87^b	7.54 ± 1.15^d	39.40 ± 0.79^e	21.70 ± 0.52^c	6.84 ± 0.46^c	*	*	ns
	Range	5.53–5.74	39.45–45.52	15.98–18.34	5.85–9.34	38.07–40.66	20.94–22.53	6.28–7.52
Tongue	X ± SD	5.65 ± 0.06^e	60.34 ± 1.05^c	8.23 ± 0.87^e	5.19 ± 0.56^e	44.12 ± 1.59^d	19.96 ± 0.66^d	6.54 ± 0.67^cd	*	*	*
	Range	5.57–5.75	58.82–61.91	7.08–10.12	4.53–6.30	42.51–46.86	19.05–20.96	5.61–7.84
Lungs	X ± SD	6.30 ± 0.12^c	52.57 ± 3.79^d	27.47 ± 2.22^a	11.81 ± 2.04^ab	56.30 ± 1.75^c	26.26 ± 1.38^a	11.47 ± 0.72^a	*	ns	ns
	Range	6.12–6.50	48.09–58.80	25.20–30.37	8.67–16.17	52.76–58.71	23.88–28.83	10.22–12.40
Spleen	X ± SD	6.34 ± 0.09^c	41.49 ± 2.01^f	13.64 ± 1.06^c	0.94 ± 1.24^f	26.48 ± 1.91^g	23.37 ± 1.75^b	5.23 ± 0.50^e	*	*	*
	Range	6.13–6.44	39.10–44.85	11.95–15.75	–0.91–2.66	22.95–28.72	20.34–26.37	4.49–6.04
Liver	X ± SD	6.33 ± 0.07^c	35.76 ± 1.52^g	17.47 ± 0.83^b	11.73 ± 1.14^ab	35.52 ± 1.16^f	17.77 ± 1.21^e	10.60 ± 0.91^a	ns	ns	*
	Range	6.24–6.49	33.25–38.42	16.33–18.42	10.05–13.48	33.49–37.32	15.92–19.13	8.74–11.94
Kidney	X ± SD	6.12 ± 0.14^d	44.33 ± 2.23^e	14.20 ± 1.28^c	12.57 ± 0.90^a	40.36 ± 2.37^e	16.77 ± 1.37^e	5.69 ± 1.18^de	*	*	*
	Range	5.93–6.33	40.09–46.77	11.76–15.77	10.99–13.59	35.46–43.91	14.54–18.75	3.05–7.22
Brain	X ± SD	6.43 ± 0.08^b	64.45 ± 1.47^b	13.67 ± 0.96^c	11.09 ± 0.71^bc	NM	NM	NM
	Range	6.23–6.53	61.62–67.05	12.18–15.56	9.88–12.14
Testicle	X ± SD	6.30 ± 0.11^c	60.69 ± 3.64^c	11.69 ± 3.63^d	7.62 ± 0.90^d	64.47 ± 2.41^b	11.43 ± 1.02^f	–0.59 ± 1.69^f	*	ns	*
	Range	6.04–6.39	53.61–65.15	7.42–20.72	6.11–9.10	60.55–68.37	10.15–13.00	–2.97–1.83
Thymus	X ± SD	6.49 ± 0.06^b	64.65 ± 2.61^b	10.47 ± 2.18^d	10.10 ± 1.21^c	66.57 ± 1.70^a	8.85 ± 2.65^g	8.86 ± 1.12^b	ns	ns	*
	Range	6.42–6.62	61.77–69.68	6.81–14.50	8.60–12.08	64.83–69.82	5.20–13.81	7.46–11.05
Kidney fat	X ± SD	6.67 ± 0.09^a	75.60 ± 1.63^a	6.28 ± 1.25^f	7.29 ± 1.21^d	NM	NM	NM
	Range	6.54–6.80	72.63–77.55	4.71–8.94	5.61–9.35
P value		<.001	<.001	<.001	<.001	<.001	<.001	<.001

Notes: SC: Surface colour; FCCSC: Fresh cut cross-section colour; NM: not measured; ns: indicates no significant difference (P > .05).

^{a,b,c,d,e,f,g} within each column, numbers with different superscript letters are significantly different (P < .05).

*: indicates a significant difference at P < .05.

Table 4. Proximate composition (g/100 g) of edible organs, glands and kidney fat from Saanen goat male kids.

Edible by-products		Moisture	Protein	Total fat	Total ash
Heart	X ± SD	79.41 ± 0.46^d	15.84 ± 0.32^d	3.36 ± 0.55^d	1.09 ± 0.03^d
	Range	78.87–80.12	15.29–16.29	2.62–4.45	1.04–1.14
Tongue	X ± SD	74.99 ± 0.85^f	17.20 ± 0.43^b	6.54 ± 0.87^c	0.95 ± 0.06^e
	Range	73.72–76.08	16.58–17.97	5.58–8.21	0.86–1.04
Lungs	X ± SD	80.27 ± 0.69^c	15.89 ± 0.56^d	2.32 ± 0.33^ef	1.26 ± 0.04^c
	Range	79.08–81.25	15.21–17.11	1.85–2.78	1.20–1.32
Spleen	X ± SD	78.38 ± 0.77^e	18.26 ± 0.44^a	1.85 ± 0.28^fg	1.46 ± 0.06^b
	Range	77.68–80.01	17.53–18.89	1.50–2.31	1.37–1.58
Liver	X ± SD	74.40 ± 0.64^f	18.43 ± 0.64^a	3.41 ± 0.34^d	1.48 ± 0.05^b
	Range	73.47–75.17	17.59–19.78	2.85–3.88	1.39–1.57
Kidney	X ± SD	80.96 ± 0.54^b	15.18 ± 0.46^e	2.30 ± 0.17^ef	1.26 ± 0.04^c
	Range	80.06–81.87	14.50–16.01	1.95–2.62	1.20–1.32
Brain	X ± SD	81.57 ± 0.51^b	9.69 ± 0.24^g	7.13 ± 0.46^b	1.47 ± 0.06^b
	Range	80.64–82.27	9.28–10.16	6.44–8.07	1.39–1.55
Testicle	X ± SD	85.01 ± 0.49^a	12.23 ± 0.50^f	1.57 ± 0.14^g	0.99 ± 0.05^e
	Range	84.23–85.54	11.42–13.03	1.33–1.75	0.89–1.05
Thymus	X ± SD	79.12 ± 0.71^d	16.31 ± 0.29^c	2.48 ± 0.54^e	2.02 ± 0.09^a
	Range	78.09–80.29	15.80–16.69	1.89–3.48	1.88–2.14
Kidney fat	X ± SD	8.88 ± 1.17^g	1.28 ± 0.31^h	89.66 ± 1.38^a	0.04 ± 0.01^f
	Range	6.71–10.47	0.95–1.74	87.69–92.24	0.03–0.05
P value		<.001	<.001	<.001	<.001

^{a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h} within each column, numbers with different superscript letters are significantly different (P < .05).

Table 5. Mineral composition (mg/100 g) of edible organs, glands and kidney fat from Saanen goat male kids.

Edible by-products		K	P	Na	Mg	Ca
Heart	X ± SD	277 ± 8^de	226 ± 8^g	72.5 ± 4.0^e	20.1 ± 0.8^b	10.7 ± 1.9^c
	Range	269–291	210–238	67.6–80.5	18.7–21.4	7.1–13.7
Tongue	X ± SD	266 ± 15^e	220 ± 16^g	77.1 ± 4.7^e	19.9 ± 0.8^bc	17.4 ± 2.2^a
	Range	248–288	191–251	69.1–84.1	19.0–21.6	14.9–20.6
Lungs	X ± SD	280 ± 17^de	266 ± 20^e	121 ± 7^c	14.5 ± 0.7^f	15.1 ± 1.7^ab
	Range	243–304	231–298	110–134	13.7–15.7	12.6–18.9
Spleen	X ± SD	371 ± 24^b	345 ± 18^b	64.6 ± 7.0^f	19.2 ± 1.1^cd	17.1 ± 3.0^a
	Range	327–412	315–374	55.4–73.3	17.8–20.9	13.2–21.5
Liver	X ± SD	291 ± 17^cd	359 ± 18^b	63.5 ± 4.4^f	19.0 ± 1.0^d	14.2 ± 4.1^b
	Range	263–317	329–390	58.8–71.6	17.6–20.1	9.9–20.2
Kidney	X ± SD	235 ± 19^f	283 ± 10^d	167 ± 9^a	17.6 ± 1.1^e	16.6 ± 3.0^ab
	Range	204–263	266–296	155–183	15.4–19.1	12.0–21.7
Brain	X ± SD	302 ± 22^c	317 ± 21^c	137 ± 7^b	11.2 ± 0.4^h	15.4 ± 2.0^ab
	Range	265–338	280–352	126–147	10.6–12.1	13.4–20.0
Testicle	X ± SD	297 ± 21^cd	245 ± 11^f	113 ± 12^d	13.3 ± 0.8^g	17.6 ± 2.8^a
	Range	252–322	227–259	99–137	12.1–15.0	13.5–22.1
Thymus	X ± SD	444 ± 39^a	516 ± 28^a	59.6 ± 4.1^f	21.7 ± 1.2^a	14.9 ± 3.1^ab
	Range	385–530	465–555	51.9–64.9	20.2–24.9	11.9–23.2
Kidney fat	X ± SD	17.0 ± 2.5^g	11.1 ± 2.3^h	22.4 ± 4.4^g	1.22 ± 0.21^i	10.0 ± 3.3^c
	Range	14.0–22.0	8.0–14.1	17.6–30.7	0.94–1.58	5.5–15.5
P value		<.001	<.001	<.001	<.001	<.001
Edible by-products		Zn	Fe	Cu	Ni	Mn
Heart	X ± SD	1.49 ± 0.16^de	3.02 ± 0.20^d	0.40 ± 0.04^c	0.032 ± 0.008^bc	0.015 ± 0.001^f
	Range	1.25–1.76	2.60–3.32	0.34–0.47	0.021–0.046	0.012–0.017
Tongue	X ± SD	2.29 ± 0.12^bc	2.02 ± 0.18^e	0.18 ± 0.02^def	0.019 ± 0.006^cde	0.024 ± 0.002^def
	Range	1.96–2.53	1.83–2.39	0.14–0.21	0.010–0.029	0.021–0.028
Lungs	X ± SD	1.98 ± 0.65^bc	4.94 ± 1.30^c	0.20 ± 0.04^de	0.018 ± 0.006^de	0.021 ± 0.006^ef
	Range	1.47–3.23	3.20–7.16	0.15–0.25	0.011–0.026	0.015–0.031
Spleen	X ± SD	2.08 ± 0.17^bc	12.8 ± 2.0^a	0.084 ± 0.007^fg	0.014 ± 0.006^e	0.031 ± 0.005^cd
	Range	1.89–2.47	9.3–15.5	0.066–0.092	0.007–0.024	0.023–0.038
Liver	X ± SD	4.78 ± 1.00^a	7.78 ± 1.46^b	2.62 ± 0.35^a	0.028 ± 0.030^bcd	0.21 ± 0.03^a
	Range	3.53–5.98	5.55–9.45	2.11–3.14	0.010–0.113	0.18–0.26
Kidney	X ± SD	2.44 ± 0.67^b	3.11 ± 0.34^d	0.55 ± 0.04^b	0.019 ± 0.009^cde	0.067 ± 0.004^b
	Range	1.56–3.77	2.69–3.83	0.47–0.59	0.008–0.039	0.060–0.074
Brain	X ± SD	1.10 ± 0.13^e	1.14 ± 0.20^f	0.27 ± 0.04^d	0.034 ± 0.024^ab	0.028 ± 0.004^cde
	Range	0.93–1.39	0.86–1.38	0.22–0.35	0.016–0.080	0.022–0.035
Testicle	X ± SD	1.87 ± 0.43^cd	2.63 ± 0.38^de	0.098 ± 0.029^efg	0.046 ± 0.016^a	0.036 ± 0.006^c
	Range	1.43–2.72	2.03–3.38	0.031–0.137	0.028–0.075	0.022–0.042
Thymus	X ± SD	2.01 ± 0.21^bc	0.89 ± 0.32^f	0.057 ± 0.009^g	0.012 ± 0.004^e	0.021 ± 0.005^ef
	Range	1.70–2.34	0.57–1.42	0.040–0.070	0.005–0.019	0.014–0.033
Kidney fat	X ± SD	0.16 ± 0.03^f	0.19 ± 0.04^g	0.021 ± 0.003^h	0.008 ± 0.002^e	0.004 ± 0.001^g
	Range	0.11–0.22	0.14–0.25	0.017–0.028	0.005–0.012	0.003–0.005
P value		<.001	<.001	<.001	<.001	<.001

^{a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i} within each column, numbers with different superscript letters are significantly different (P < .05).

Belanger J. 2001. Storey’s guide to raising dairy goats: breeds, care, dairying. Massachusetts: Storey, LLC.

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